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Talk:Chabadpedia

2025-05-19T16:43:54Z

להתראות: Created page with "מקווה שזה בסדר שאני כותב כאן בעברית. במצב הנוכחי יש קצת בלבול בין האתר באנגלית לאתר בעברית. צריך לבדל ביניהם ולכתוב ברור איזה נתונים קשורים לחב"דפדיה העברית, ואיזה לחב"דפדיה האנגלית, ולכתוב מתי נוסד האתר באנגלית וכו'. יישר כח! ~~~~"

מקווה שזה בסדר שאני כותב כאן בעברית. במצב הנוכחי יש קצת בלבול בין האתר באנגלית לאתר בעברית. צריך לבדל ביניהם ולכתוב ברור איזה נתונים קשורים לחב"דפדיה העברית, ואיזה לחב"דפדיה האנגלית, ולכתוב מתי נוסד האתר באנגלית וכו'. יישר כח! [[User:להתראות|להתראות]] ([[User talk:להתראות|talk]]) 12:43, 19 May 2025 (EDT)

Alter Rebbe

2025-02-26T22:24:21Z

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#REDIRECT [[The Alter Rebbe]]

Tzemach Tzedek

2025-02-26T22:23:41Z

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#REDIRECT [[The Tzemach Tzedek]]

Yitzchak Luria Ashkenazi

2025-02-26T22:22:46Z

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Sefer HaZohar

2025-02-26T22:21:06Z

להתראות:

[[File:זהר וילנא.jpg|thumb]]
'''Sefer HaZohar HaKadosh''' is the central book of [[Kabbalah]] teachings. It is composed of [[midrash|midrashim]] on the Torah divided according to the weekly Torah portions. The Zohar was not widely known and was passed down from generation to generation only to select individuals, until Rabbi Moshe de Leon in Spain disseminated the Zohar and the book became public property. Many commentators arose for the Zohar who taught and expanded the teachings of Kabbalah, such as the Ramak - Rabbi [[Moshe Cordovero]], the Arizal - Rabbi [[Yitzchak Luria Ashkenazi]], and other commentaries from later generations. The Zohar also has explanations from the [[Alter Rebbe]] (see entry "Biurei HaZohar (Admur HaZaken)"), as well as explanations from the [[Tzemach Tzedek]] (see entry "Biurei HaZohar (Admur HaTzemach Tzedek)"). There are also explanations on the Zohar written by Rabbi Levi Yitzchak, the Rebbe's father (see entry "Likkutei Levi Yitzchak").

== Sections ==
The Zohar is divided into three main divisions:

# The main Zohar book.
# Sitrei Torah and the Hidden Midrash.
# Ra'aya Mehemna and the Tikkunim.

In addition, there is another section called "Tikkunei Zohar."

== Structure of the Book ==
The body of the Zohar consists of teachings from Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his companions on the Torah portions, and its language is mostly Aramaic. The book includes the "Idros" - "Idra Rabba" (the Great Assembly), "Idra Zuta" (the Small Assembly), and "Idra D'bei Mishkana" (the Assembly of the Tabernacle).

In the Idra Rabba, Rashbi reveals the Partzufim - Divine revelations in a spiritual and abstract form likened to the face of a man according to the verse "upon the throne was a likeness with the appearance of a man above upon it." Ten companions present their teachings each in turn, and Rashbi concludes the discussion and reveals things that the companions knew only in outline. At the end of the "assembly," three of the companions pass away from the overwhelming sanctity as they were not sufficiently refined.

In the Idra Zuta, it tells of Rashbi's passing and how he imparts secrets to his disciples that he had feared to reveal previously. Finally, Rashbi's soul departs with the word "chaim" (life).

In the Idra D'bei Mishkana, Rashbi and three of his disciples discuss the secrets of prayer based on teachings built on verses about the construction of the Tabernacle.

The Zohar also includes a description of the upper chambers in a section called: Heichalot D'Rashbi, which describes the seven chambers of Gan Eden reserved for the righteous, and on the other hand, the seven levels of Gehinnom designated for the wicked. In the section "V'atah Techezeh" in Parshat Yitro, there is an article explaining the wisdom of facial features and palm reading, attributed in the teaching to Moshe in his selection of men as advised by Yitro. Other parts of the Zohar refer to hidden tzaddikim such as Rav Yeiba Saba, who works with clay and initially appears to be an ignoramus, but is revealed as a great Kabbalist who expounds on matters of the soul's teachings. Another figure is "the Yanuka" - that wonder child, the son of Rav Hamnuna Saba, who from infancy knows how to expound on the secrets of Torah and surpasses them in wisdom. Another story in the Zohar describes the meeting of Rashbi and his companions in Gan Eden with the 'Rosh Mesivta,' the head of the heavenly academy, who discusses with them matters of the World to Come and the soul.

The second division of the Zohar includes the work Sitrei Torah, which contains collected articles on the book of Bereishit; and the Hidden Midrash on the Torah, whose language is a mixture of Hebrew and Aramaic and deals with creation, the World to Come, and the soul.

The ten companions called Chevraya Kadisha (the Holy Fellowship) who are the masters of the Zohar are: Rashbi, the head of the group; his son - Rabbi Elazar; Rabbi Abba the Scribe; Rabbi Yehuda; Rabbi Yosi; Rabbi Yitzchak; Rabbi Chizkiya; Rabbi Chiya; Rabbi Yeisa; Rabbi Acha.

Additional parts belonging to the Zohar are "Ra'aya Mehemna" (the Faithful Shepherd - meaning Moshe Rabbeinu) and "Tikkunei Zohar." The composition "Ra'aya Mehemna" is integrated into the body of the Zohar, and the composition "Tikkunei Zohar" is a separate part.

== Tikkunei Zohar ==
Tikkunei Zohar is an additional part to the Zohar, containing seventy tikkunim (rectifications), which are seventy facets of Torah that Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai interprets in the word "Bereishit." In the introduction to Tikkunei Zohar, the discourse "Patach Eliyahu" is presented.

Men of deed used to study or recite daily during the days of mercy and forgiveness of the month of Elul and the Ten Days of Teshuvah several pages from Tikkunei Zohar, in order to complete it by Yom Kippur. Rabbi Pinchas of Koretz said: 'Fortunate is one who completes the book of Tikkunei Zohar in these days.'

Regarding this custom of studying "Tikkunei Zohar" in Elul, the Rebbe said in 5722 (1962): "I searched in various places whether this custom was accepted among Chabad Chassidim, and did not find decisive evidence one way or another until I found in a talk from Pesach 5694 (1934) which describes the month of Elul in Lubavitch and there it says: '...others say Tikkunei Zohar...' Seemingly, why specify Tikkunei Zohar? - The month of Elul is the appropriate time to study Shaar HaTeshuvah, Derech Chaim, and the like, and even if studying Zohar - why specifically Tikkunei Zohar, and not the Zohar book itself? And from these words it is proven that the aforementioned custom in the book Kisei HaMelech (studying Tikkunei Zohar in the month of Elul) was also accepted in Lubavitch." And the Rebbe concludes: "This does not mean that one must study (or at least recite) Tikkunei Zohar, but in any case, it is an accepted custom among Chabad Chassidim."

== Translation of Zohar ==
The Zohar was written in Aramaic in a dialect different from the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud (Babylonian Aramaic), and it is not accessible to most Zohar learners. Therefore, the Zohar has been translated throughout the generations into several languages: Hebrew, Latin, Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic (Arabic in Hebrew letters), German, English, and French.

One of the translations of the Zohar into Hebrew is the translation by Rabbi Yehuda Yudel Rosenberg, in which only parts of the Zohar were translated (5 volumes, New York, תשכ"ז/1967). The commentary is called "Zohar Torah." The Rebbe writes about Rabbi Rosenberg's commentary: "In response to your question about the book Zohar Torah, I have seen it once, and as I recall, it is a translation of the Zohar into the Holy Language, and not a commentary on the Zohar. Therefore, I am surprised at you—why would you learn from a translation if you can learn from the Zohar itself, as it is impossible for a translation to include all the interpretations, and consequently, this is also in the holiness, as it exists in the language spoken by Rashbi and his colleagues."

A famous commentary on the Zohar is the "Hasulam" (The Ladder) commentary by the Kabbalist and Admor Rabbi Yehuda Leib Ashlag, who had his own approach to Kabbalah. The commentary includes a complete translation of the entire book of the Zohar, with explanations and expansions to elucidate the inner meaning of the text where needed. These explanations were written according to Rabbi Ashlag's approach. Additionally, Rabbi Ashlag also wrote an introduction to the Zohar and an opening to the wisdom of Kabbalah, which were also written according to his approach and printed as an introduction to his commentary. The Rebbe writes about the "Hasulam" commentary: "Regarding what you wrote about the Hasulam commentary on the Zohar, I have only seen it in passing for a few moments, and it is understood that one cannot form an opinion based on this. The book is not in my possession, and as I have heard, he paved his own way in the study of Etz Chaim and the Zohar, and we have only the royal path of our leaders in the teachings of Chassidus."

Another Hebrew translation of the Zohar is the book "Matok MiDvash" (Sweeter than Honey) by the Jerusalem Kabbalist Rabbi Daniel Frisch, one of the heads of the Shaar HaShamayim Yeshiva and a distinguished student of Admor Rabbi Aharon Ratta. The book, which appears in a multi-volume series as a translation beneath the language of the Zohar, is written in a more popular language with simplified Kabbalistic explanations, with the goal of bringing the book to additional audiences.

== The Rebbeim and the Zohar ==
The approach of Chassidus is primarily based on the Zohar and the teachings of the Arizal (written by Rabbi Chaim Vital), and because of this, the Zohar is mentioned many times in Chassidus.

==== The Alter Rebbe ====

* The Zohar is mentioned many times in the book of Tanya.
* Maharam Halevi Yafe said in the name of the Alter Rebbe: There are three ways to remove foreign thoughts during prayer, etc., and also the language of the Zohar is beneficial for the soul even if one does not understand what he is saying.
* "Someone who is greatly occupied with business should study mostly Zohar even if he does not understand it, for what does it matter if he does not understand—even so, it is a segulah (spiritual remedy)."
* Learning the holy Zohar removes blockage of the heart.
* Rashbi writes about one who studies the Zohar that "they will leave exile." That is, in the merit of studying the Zohar, Israel will leave the exile.
* "One who studies the holy Zohar in this world will not sit in shame in the World to Come."
* "There are 13 things that remove all hindrances to prayer, etc., and the third is engagement and study of the words of mussar (ethical teachings) found in the Zohar, from the word 'illumination,' for it illuminates in a place of darkness, which is the heat of truth."
* The Tzemach Tzedek writes that he heard from the Alter Rebbe, who heard from his teacher the Maggid of Mezritch, that the Baal Shem Tov said not to study the wisdom of Kabbalah without studying Chassidus together with it, because one who is coarse and understands things literally and makes them material, can come, God forbid, to heresy.
* The Alter Rebbe used to give sermons on the Zohar to his sons and asked the Mitteler Rebbe to write them down. In the year תקע"ו/1816, these sermons were printed in the book "Biurei HaZohar" (Explanations of the Zohar).

==== The Tzemach Tzedek ====
The Tzemach Tzedek Created the book "Biurei HaZohar" (Explanations of the Zohar). "The Tzemach Tzedek said to R' Hendel during yechidus (private audience): Zohar elevates the soul."

==== The Rebbe ====
During a yechidus with the Chief Rabbis of Israel, Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu and Rabbi Avraham Shapira which took place on 1 Kislev 5744 (1983), the Rebbe extensively praised the virtue and importance of studying the inner dimensions of Torah in general - and the Zohar in particular, expressing his desire that the rabbis issue a proclamation ("kol koreh") to study the book. Among the things said:<blockquote>'''Rabbi Shapira''': And there are also letters from Rabbi Kook z"l in which he mentions in strong terms the necessity and need to study Kabbalah, without which it is impossible to study Torah truthfully [similar to what the Rebbe mentioned about what the Vilna Gaon wrote in his commentary on the book of Proverbs, that without studying the wisdom of the hidden aspects - one cannot achieve understanding of the revealed] and he writes that through this we delay the redemption, etc.

'''The Rebbe''': If his words had been accepted - there would have been no place for our meeting outside the Holy Land, because we would all already be in the Holy Land, together with Moshiach Tzidkeinu!</blockquote>In 5750 (1990) during the distribution of dollars, Rabbi Avraham Simcha Ashlag passed before the Rebbe and asked him to sign a proclamation that all of Israel should study the wisdom of Kabbalah, thereby bringing closer the complete redemption - based on what is stated in the Zohar that through the Zohar they will leave exile with mercy. The Rebbe replied to him that it is accepted in Chabad that Chabad Chassidus is built on the foundations of Kabbalah but in the method of Chochmah Binah Daas, and therefore whoever studies Chabad teachings also studies Kabbalah.

When the Admor repeated his request, the Rebbe replied that as a grandson of the Alter Rebbe, he cannot sign a ruling that one must study Kabbalah, as it might imply that one does not fulfill their obligation through Chabad teachings. The Admor continued and brought proof from the Alter Rebbe's language who writes "the words of the Baal Shem Tov according to the Kabbalah of the Arizal" which implies that it is not actually Kabbalah. But the Rebbe replied that since the Alter Rebbe writes explicitly in another Igeres HaKodesh, it is not possible that he contradicted himself elsewhere.

In a letter to someone who suffered from weakness in vision, the Rebbe wrote, among other things: ..."And he should also try to study or at least recite a few lines from the book of Tanya and the book of the Zohar, and I hope that he will be able to report good news that his eyesight is improving."

In 5731 (1971), after the publication of Likkutei Levi Yitzchok - containing notes and insights written by his father Rabbi Levi Yitzchok Schneerson on his personal copy of the Zohar, the Rebbe began to explain a weekly section from them at Shabbos farbrengens, and also to reference them in his Chassidic discourses. In 5750 (1990), these explanations began to be published in edited form by Rabbi David Feldman in the series of books Toras Menachem - Tiferes Levi Yitzchok.

In a talk on Rosh Chodesh Menachem-Av 5740 (1980), the Rebbe gave several instructions aimed at negating and nullifying the concept of exile, and among these the Rebbe instructed to study the Zohar, particularly those aspects that were explained in Chassidus.

On 6 Iyar 5751 (1991), the Rebbe instructed to study matters of redemption and Moshiach from various parts of Torah, and within this list the Rebbe included: "And also - especially - in the inner dimensions of Torah, beginning with the Zohar (that 'through this composition of yours which is the book of the Zohar... they will leave exile with mercy')."

== See Also ==

* Category: Sages of the Zohar
* [[Kabbalah]]
* [[Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai|Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai]]

[[he:זוהר (ספר)]]
[[Category:Kabbalah]]

Yehoshua Lein

2025-02-24T14:56:20Z

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[[File:יהושע ליין סמיכה לרחש ברוק.jpg|thumb|Rabbi Lane's manuscript of the [[Ordination to the Rabbinate]] given to Rabbi [[Chaim Shaul Brock]], head of the [[Achi Temimim Rishon LeZion]] yeshiva]]
Rabbi '''Yehoshua Lein''' was a chassid of the [[Rebbe Rashab]] and the [[Frierdiker Rebbe]] who served as director of the Tomchei Temimim yeshiva branch in Dokshitz, and also served as rav in several towns in [[Russia]]. The Frierdiker Rebbe testified about him that he was a beinoni according to the Tanya.

== Life History ==
Born in 1881 in the town of [[Nevel]] to his father, the chassid Reb [[Chaim Dovid Lein]], as a descendant of the Chabad Chen family.

When he reached the age of bar mitzvah, he was sent to the town of Chernigov to learn from his uncle, the town's rav, Rabbi Dovid Tzvi Chen. Later, he learned shechita from his father, but did not practice it since his father forbade him from performing shechita.

== In the Presence of the Rebbe Rashab ==
The first time he visited the court of the Rebbe Rashab and entered for yechidus, the Rebbe Rashab asked him to stay in Lubavitch. He humbly replied "If the Rebbe commands me," but the Rebbe did not command him to stay, rather told him: "May Hashem help that you should want to learn and know how to learn, and that you should be a yerei shamayim - that is the main thing."

After several years of diligently studying with his uncle the Radatz Chen, he went to learn in the court of the Rebbe Rashab in Lubavitch and was counted among the 'yoshvim' who diligently studied Torah and avodah there. When Yeshivas Tomchei Temimim was established, he was among its first talmidim and merited to learn there for several years until his marriage. He was very beloved by the Rebbe Rashab, who once said about him during a farbrengen "Yehoshua is mine."

During that period, he was sent by the Rebbe Rashab to the Rogatchover Gaon to receive semicha for rabbanus. After the examination, the Gaon testified about him that he "knows how to learn."

After his marriage to his wife Masha, he traveled to Lubavitch for the month of holidays in 1901. During hakafos on Simchas Torah, he danced with enthusiasm together with two other chassidim (Reb Shlomo der Geler and Reb Avraham Yaakov Mozaritch). The Rebbe Rashab greatly enjoyed their dancing and watched them at length until he said: "This is a dance of the heart, the 'yechida l'yachdecha' of Simchas Torah... Although this is 'jumping' enthusiasm, it's all within the bounds of a Chabad dance. A Chabad dance with all its enthusiasm and fervor - remains a Chabad dance"...

== Public Activities ==
In 1902, at just twenty-one years old, the Rebbe Rashab instructed him to settle in the town of Dokshitz and open a branch of Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim there. Rav Lein accepted the position and served for years as the menahel, mashpia, and mashgiach of the yeshiva, where about 16 bochurim studied (among his students at that time was R' Mordechai Perlov). During this period, his first wife passed away shortly after giving birth.

After serving as the yeshiva's menahel for several years, the Rebbe Rashab instructed him to accept a rabbinical position in the town of Ostravna near Vitebsk.

In Iyar 1911, he was appointed as rav of Beshenkovitz, where his great-grandfather Rav Peretz Chen had served as rav. When he was appointed as rav, the townspeople remarked that the verse "the fourth generation shall return here" was fulfilled in him.

== In the Presence of the Frierdiker Rebbe ==
In 1920, he married his second wife, Rebbetzin Risha, daughter of the chossid R' Uri Yaffe.

Two years later in 1922, a fire broke out in Beshenkovitz that destroyed most of the town's houses, after which he wandered with his family to Nevel and lived with his family in his parents' home.

When he arrived in Nevel, the community members wanted to ask him halachic questions, but he refused to answer since his rabbinical ordination certificate had burned. When this reached the ears of the Rogatchover Gaon, he sent him a new "semicha l'rabbanus" certificate.

In the following years, he began serving as a shadar who traveled among Chabad communities throughout Russia collecting ma'amad funds for the Frierdiker Rebbe.

== Rudnia ==
Due to persecution by the secret police, he moved to the town of Rudnia near Lubavitch where he served as rav and shochet u'bodek, while simultaneously teaching nigleh and chassidus to several tmimim who had fled from the KGB and found refuge in his home.

Among the students were the tmimim Velvel Auerbach and Sholom Ber Notik. Rav Lein would learn with them throughout the day and his son Sholom Ber Lein would join the two. It is said that Sholom Ber Notik was his special student and received from him abundant Torah, wisdom and chassidic stories. R' Sholom Ber Notik compiled a collection of stories about and from Rav Yehoshua Lein, and these stories were published in the sefer Avnei Chen in a special chapter.

In 1938, he was arrested by the secret police and released after a short time by a relative who had left the path and was among the police officers, who set a condition that he would release him only if he stopped engaging in Jewish activities, shechting chickens for the townspeople and so forth. Nevertheless, after his release he continued with mesiras nefesh to engage in shechita and teaching the tmimim and sharing chassidic ma'amarim in the shul.

== His Passing ==
In the summer months of 1941, the German army conquered Rudnia and concentrated the town's residents in a ghetto. At the end of the month of Tishrei 1942, they took everyone out to the tank trenches outside the city and shot them all to death.

Rav Laine went to the trenches with a Tehillim book in his hand, and continued murmuring the chapters of Tehillim until the final moment, passing away with the book in his hands. Together with him was murdered his second wife Rebbetzin Risa, his daughter Nessa and his son Peretz, as well as the town's rabbi, Rav Shimon Hoffman.

In 1964, at the initiative of the murder victims' descendants, all the bodies were transferred to a mass grave dug in the Jewish cemetery of the town. During the transfer, they were amazed to find Rav Laine's body completely intact, still holding the Tehillim book in his hand.

== His Children ==
'''From First Marriage:'''

* Rav Aharon Leib Laine (HY"D)
* Rebbetzin Freidel
* Rebbetzin Gutel (HY"D)

'''From Second Marriage:'''

* Rebbetzin Rivka, wife of Rav Shalom Dov Ber Raskin - Kfar Chabad
* Rav Shalom Ber Laine - educator in the Ohalei Yosef Yitzchak network in Eretz HaKodesh, resident of Kfar Chabad
* Nessa (HY"D)
* Peretz (HY"D)

== Further Reading ==

* Shneur Berger, '''Avnei Chen''', Kehot Publication 2015
* Shneur Berger, '''Yehoshua Hu Sheli''', Biography of Rav Yehoshua Laine in Beis Moshiach Weekly Issue 955 page 26 onwards, 11 Teves 2015
* Yosef Ashkenazi, Otzar HaChassidim - Personalities and Chassidic Teachings of Chabad Mashpi'im in the Soviet Union and Poland, Chazak Publishing, 2015

[[he:תקנת לימוד הרמב"ם]]
[[Category:Rabbi's regulations]]

Hungary

2025-02-24T14:50:04Z

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[[File:עם מנהיגי הונגריה.jpg|thumb|Chabad Hasidim in a meeting with Hungarian leaders at the Presidential Palace. From right to left: the [[President (Honorary Title)|President]] of Hungary Mr. Pal Schmitt, Deputy Prime Minister Mr. Zsolt Schmein, Rabbi Aryeh Goldberg, Deputy Director General of the [[Rabbi Center of Europe]], Rabbi [[Baruch Oberlander]], the Rebbe's envoy to Hungary, [[Chief Rabbinate|Chief Rabbi]] Rabbi [[Yona Metzger]], and Rabbi [[Shlomo Kovesh]]]]
'''Hungary''' is a country in Central Europe sharing borders with Austria, Ukraine, and Romania. The Rebbe's shluchim serve in the country, holding senior positions in the government and spreading Yiddishkeit and Chassidus among the Jewish population, which includes approximately 10,000 people, mostly residing in the capital city of Budapest.

== History ==
[[File:פורום רבנים צעירים הונגריה.jpg|thumb|The Forum of Young Rabbis of Europe against the backdrop of the [[Synagogue]] of Rabbi [[Shlomo Kovesh]]]]

The country has a rich history, with control often passing between world powers. During its peak, it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and after defeat in World War I, it became an independent nation. During World War II, Hungary was controlled by the Nazis, and a Holocaust occurred where about half a million Jews were murdered and tortured, out of 750,000 Jews who lived in the country before the war. After the war, the country was controlled by the Soviet army, which imposed a communist regime that fought against Jewish matters, continuing until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990.

Today, Hungary is part of NATO and belongs to the European Union, though it is not considered a fully democratic country.

The country is crossed by two major rivers, the Danube and the Tisza.

== Hungarian Jewry ==
Throughout history, Hungarian Jewry was considered one of the largest and most prestigious communities, and in medieval writings, the country was called "Eretz Hagar." The country was home to gedolei Yisroel whose influence reached throughout the Jewish world, such as Rabbi Eizik of Tirnau, the Chasam Sofer, his descendants and students like the Maharam Shick, as well as prominent figures in the Chassidic world, such as Rabbi Yitzchak Eizik Taub - founder of Kaliv Chassidus, the 'Yismach Moshe' Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum of Uhel, father of the Satmar Chassidic dynasty, and others.

The country also contains important historical Jewish buildings, such as the Neolog synagogue in Budapest, which is the third largest in the world.

The country's population as of 2022 is close to 10,000,000 people, with 20% of the population living in the capital city Budapest, where most of the country's Jews are concentrated, forming an ethnic minority of about 10,000 Jews, representing only 0.1% of the general population.

After the Holocaust, in which about two-thirds of the Jewish residents in the country were destroyed, the Jewish community was suppressed by the communist regime for nearly fifty years. When the Chassidic UN was established, the Rebbe appointed Hungary native Rabbi Shmuel Chaffer to represent the country.

With the fall of the Iron Curtain, the Rebbe sent several shluchim to the country, who breathed new life into the Jewish community, restored the ancient synagogues to activity, and received respectful treatment from the authorities.

The most significant community in Hungary is the United Jewish Community of Hungary, led by the Rebbe's shluchim, Rabbi Shlomo Kovesh and Rabbi Baruch Oberlander.

== Figures in the Country ==

* Rabbi [[Baruch Oberlander]] - The Rebbe's shliach to Budapest, Hungary, Av Beis Din and Moreh Tzedek, senior researcher of Chassidic movement history, and lecturer in law at the National University of Hungary.
* Rabbi [[Shlomo Kovesh]] - The Rebbe's shliach in Hungary, rabbi of the oldest synagogue in Hungary, rabbi of the United Hungarian Jewish Community (EMIH), and Chief Military Rabbi of the Hungarian government.
* Rabbi [[Yosef Yitzchak Feldman]] - Among the Rebbe's shluchim in Hungary.
* Rabbi [[Nachman Oberlander]] - Among the Rebbe's shluchim in Budapest.
* Rabbi [[Chaim Benimini]] - Rabbi of the Orthodox community in Karcag, Hungary.
* Rabbi [[Shmuel Raskin]] - The Rebbe's shliach, and rabbi and leader of the Israeli community in Budapest, Hungary. Serves as a lecturer at Semmelweis University Medical School, specializing in courses on Jewish ethics. Lectures on Jewish thought, Kabbalah and Chassidus, Tanach, Gemara and poskim.

[[he:הונגריה]]
[[Category:Europe]]

Skverer Chassidus

2025-02-24T14:43:32Z

להתראות:

[[File:סקוירא.JPG|thumb]]
'''The Skverer Chassidus''' is a chassidic court that originated in the Ukrainian city of Skvira. Today, the chassidus is led by Rabbi David Twersky, who resides in New Square, New York.

== History of the Chassidus ==
The first Rebbe and Rabbi of the town of Skvira was Rabbi Tzvi, a great-grandson of the Baal Shem Tov. After his passing in 1848, his son-in-law Rabbi Yitzchak Twersky, the seventh son of Rabbi Mordechai of Chernobyl (1730-1778), was chosen to be the town's Rabbi. Unlike his father, Rabbi Yitzchak was a reserved person who refrained from giving public drashos, a practice that his successors also followed. His main approach was focused on dveikus in thought rather than expressing through speech. However, contrary to chassidic custom, Rabbi Yitzchak studied Jewish philosophical texts. Rabbi Yitzchak passed away in 1837.

He was succeeded by his son Rabbi David, known as "Reb Dovid'l." Like his father, he was known for his extraordinary tzidkus and kedushah. He too continued the family tradition of silence even more strictly and was quoted as saying "We remain quiet, and remain quiet, then we rest a little and continue to remain quiet." In 1914, Rabbi David left Skvira for Kiev following the Bolshevik Revolution, where he remained until his passing in 1919. This marked the end of the chassidus in the town of Skvira. Rabbi David was among the admirers of the Rebbe Rashab and would only sign a kol koreh if the Rebbe Rashab told him to!

Rabbi David's son, Rabbi Yaakov Yosef (1900-1968) married the granddaughter of Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach of Belz. After World War II, he immigrated to the United States but upon encountering the materialism and decadence there, sought to build a rural residential complex for his chassidim away from urban centers. Therefore, he established a community in Rockland County, New York, and called it New Square. This was the first shtetl in the United States.

After his passing in 1968, his son Rabbi David Twersky inherited his position.

Today, Skverer Chassidus numbers more than ten thousand families, with approximately half living in the shikun.

== Connections with Chabad ==
The previous Rebbe, Rabbi Yaakov Yosef, frequently encouraged Skverer chassidim, particularly the kollel yungeleit, yeshiva bochurim, and Talmud Torah students, to study the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, emphasizing that in earlier times, the chassidic courts would determine halacha solely based on this Shulchan Aruch. Consequently, his son, the current Rebbe, directs and instructs that the Shulchan Aruch HaRav be studied in dozens of batei medrash, kollel halacha, and yeshivos that he established.

When the Rebbe sat shiva for Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka, the Skverer Rebbe sent his firstborn son Rabbi Aharon Menachem Mendel, son-in-law of the Vizhnitzer Rebbe of Monsey, as his shliach.

On 3 Tammuz 1994, the Skverer Rebbe came to 770.

Inspired by the Skverer Rebbes, Rabbi Yehoshua Leifer, a moreh tzedek in Skverer shikun and son-in-law of Rabbi Moshe Neuschloss, av beis din of the shikun, published a new illuminating edition of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav in 1993 with sources and references, as the first sefer of the Oz VeHadar Institute that he established. Similarly, Rabbi Yair Lunger, one of the rabbonim of the kollel center in Skverer shikun, established the "Knishta D'Bei Rav" Institute, which has published the "Shulchan Aruch HaRav HaMevuar" and "Kuntres Acharon HaMevuar" on hilchos Shabbos. In 2001, Rabbi Zundel Shimanowitz, Rosh Kollel of Toldos Yaakov Yosef Skvira in Brooklyn, published the sefer "Biurei HaShulchan" on the Shulchan Aruch HaRav.

A few years ago, a family that previously belonged to Skverer Chassidus but wasn't observant arrived at the Chabad House in Cozumel, Mexico. Following their visit to the Chabad House, the entire family became baalei teshuva, and today they are fully Chabad. In Sivan 2022, the shliach to Cozumel, Rabbi Dudi Caplin, met with the Skverer Rebbe, who was impressed and said that only the Rebbe could reach all types of Jews, and even requested to participate in the Chabad House activities in Cozumel.

== Siyum HaRambam in 2003 ==
At the Siyum HaRambam in 2003, Rav Yosef Yisroel Eisenberger, member of the Beis Din Tzedek of Skverer Chassidim and the Skverer Rebbe's shliach, spoke about how on the approaching Chanukah, we follow Beis Hillel's opinion of "mosif v'holech" (increasing daily). Similarly, we see in the celebration of the Siyum HaRambam that each year there is "mosif v'holech" with increasing participants. From this, we also learn regarding the renewed beginning of Rambam that it should be in a manner of mosif v'holech and light until it illuminates the entire world, as the Rambam writes at the end of his sefer, "And the earth will be filled with knowledge of Hashem as water covers the sea."

== Siyum HaRambam in 2006 ==
At the Siyum HaRambam in 2006, HaRav HaGaon Rav Aharon Goldmintzer, dayan of the Skverer kehilla and the Skverer Rebbe's shliach, appeared. He emphasized that all those who learn [[Takonas Limud HaRambam - The Rambam Study Initiative|daily Rambam]] are fulfilling the will of the tzaddik hador. This zechus will stand for us, particularly during the recent difficult period that Klal Yisroel experienced regarding the situation in Eretz HaKodesh, that from here onwards all matters should be according to the Torah's will, and we should be blessed with a ksiva v'chasima tova and a shana tova u'mesuka. In 2008, Rav Shalom Pollak, a Dayan in Skvira, spoke.

== Customs of Skverer Chassidim ==
Skverer Chassidim are particular to wear a tallis katan made of wool that reaches exactly to the neck. In Skvira, they explain that they follow this custom because the Admur HaZaken, author of the Tanya, writes in Siddur HaRav that according to the Arizal, the tzitzis must cover the entire chest area. Additionally, Skverer Chassidim follow many customs according to the Admur HaZaken, who, as is known, wrote the Shulchan Aruch at the instruction of his Rebbe, the Maggid of Mezritch.

== Study of Shulchan Aruch HaRav ==
Starting in 2010, Skverer Chassidim began a daily schedule in Shulchan Aruch HaRav, as part of the halacha study organized by "Chevras Torah U'Tefillah D'Chassidei Skvira" under the Rebbe's leadership. This organization distributes monthly copies of the Shulchan Aruch Kehos edition in booklet format with a daily study schedule printed inside throughout all Chassidic centers. Starting in 2021, the organization "Shearis L'Pinchas D'Shikun Skvira," under the Rebbe's leadership, conducts monthly tests on the study of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav. More than a thousand residents participate in the public examination in the Shikun, with hundreds more chassidim completing the tests in the chassidus's batei medrash in various cities in Eretz Yisroel and abroad. The organization pays regular stipends to all examinees via mailed checks.

== Rabbi Moshe Neischloss ==
Rabbi Moshe Neischloss, Av Beis Din of Shikun Skveer and Av Beis Din of Serdehely, one of the generation's greatest poskim, maintained warm connections with the Rebbe and Chabad Chassidus. He passed away on 27 Adar I 1997. His son Rabbi Yehuda Eliezer Dovid Neischloss, Gaavad Serdehely, dayan and moreh tzedek in the Eidah HaChareidis, and his son-in-law the Rachmastriska Rebbe continue to maintain warm relationships with Chabad chassidim.

== Branches ==

==== Skvira Boro Park ====
After the passing of Rabbi Dovid Twersky in 1919, his son Rabbi Yaakov Yosef was appointed as Rebbe. In 1923, his nephew Rabbi Yitzchak Twersky, son of his older brother Rabbi Mordechai Twersky who passed away shortly after their father Rabbi Dovid, moved to the United States and established a Chassidic court in New York parallel to the veteran court in Europe. Rabbi Yitzchak passed away in New York in 1941, and his son Rabbi Dovid Twersky succeeded him until his passing in 2001. Today, his son Rabbi Yechiel Michl Twersky serves as the Skverer Rebbe in Boro Park. The Skverer Chassidus in Boro Park is smaller and less well-known than its senior sister court established after the Holocaust in New Square, New York.

==== Machnovka ====
After the passing of Rabbi Yitzchak Twersky in 1837, his son Rabbi Dovid was appointed as Rebbe, and together with him, his brother Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heschel Twersky served as a kind of Rebbe in Skvira. After his passing in 1886, his son Rabbi Yosef Meir Twersky opened his court in Machnovka. After his passing, his son Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heschel Twersky (the second) moved to Eretz Yisroel and opened the Machnovka court in Bnei Brak. After his passing, his adopted nephew Rabbi Yehoshua Rokeach (great-grandson of Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach [the first] of Belz) was appointed as Rebbe.

[[he:חסידות סקווירא]]

[[Category:Hasidic dynasties]]

Takonas Limud HaRambam - The Rambam Study Initiative

2025-02-23T19:11:47Z

להתראות:

[[File:הרבי עם רמבם לעם.JPG|thumb|The Rebbe at the entrance to the [[Rambam's Sukkah|his Sukkah]] with the book [[Rambam]] from the 'Rambam for the People' edition in his hand]]
'''The Rambam study enactment''' is a daily learning schedule of the [[Rambam's Mishneh Torah]]. [[The Rebbe]] established this enactment on Acharon Shel Pesach in 1984. The purpose of the enactment was to unite the Jewish people through studying Mishneh Torah, which encompasses all of Torah She'bal Peh (Oral Law), including laws that are not currently practiced.

== Development of the Enactment ==
[[File:הרבי עם רמב"ם.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe reads the Rambam while traveling in his [[car|car]]]]
At the farbrengen of Shabbos Parshas Vayeshev, 20 Kislev 1984, which was essentially a continuation of the 19 Kislev farbrengen that fell on Friday that year, the Rebbe mentioned and encouraged that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas for studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive was not implemented immediately, but the Shluchim-students at the Chabad Yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam lived for several years, who studied this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah-observant community in Morocco. They arranged for it to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day the Rebbe accepted the nesius) until the Rebbe's birthday on Yud Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud Daled Nissan. The Shluchim-students themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them shiurim on these halachos. In Adar I, the tmimim received a general-private letter from the Rebbe, the mere sending of which they interpreted as an expression of gratitude from the Rebbe. The letter opened with the words: "The letter report and enclosure were received and thank you."

At the Yud Alef Nissan 1984 farbrengen, the Rebbe made a siyum on the Rambam, but did not explicitly connect it to the division made in Morocco. Eleven days later, at the Acharon Shel Pesach farbrengen, the Rebbe again raised the initiative for a general division of the Rambam, but in a general way that the learning should be according to order and finish "in proximity" to the Rambam's birthday on Yud Daled Nissan the following year in 1985 (following these words, the bochurim arranged the study schedule (which began on 27 Nissan) to conclude on Yud Alef Nissan). The Rebbe expressed similar sentiments at the general yechidus for guests that took place a few days after Pesach, where the Rebbe focused on the learning track of studying three chapters each day. The Rebbe added that when everyone studies all the halachos, it will create wonderful unity and lead to finding a common learning language between students who can then debate and innovate on the same topic.

Initially, there was no clear concept of where to begin and exactly how to arrange the division of shiurim. The Vaad L'Hafatzas Sichos members arranged the division (the "foreword" to the Rambam study guide states that the Rebbe made the division) for the three-chapter track and submitted the study guide to the Rebbe for review and approval.

== Learning Tracks ==
The ordinance is divided into three learning tracks:

* '''Three Chapters Daily''' - Completing the entire Mishneh Torah within approximately eleven months (339 days).
* '''One Chapter Daily''' - Completing the entire Mishneh Torah within approximately two years and ten months (1017 days).
* '''Learning the Rambam's Sefer HaMitzvot''' (In this track, the mitzvot dealing with the topic learned that day in the three-chapter track are studied daily, and it concludes simultaneously). This track is intended for women and children.

The main purpose of the ordinance is learning and understanding the Rambam. However, some say the Rebbe stated that one fulfills the ordinance even through recitation alone. (This is also explicitly indicated in Chassidus, that when learning is done with a 'movement' of kabbalas ol, its value is priceless "even if one forgets, and even if one doesn't understand what is being said, as it states 'my soul yearns with desire'").

According to Rav Yosef Yeshaya Braun, it is preferable to listen to a shiur on three chapters than to learn one chapter alone.

== Learning Time ==
Regarding the learning time, the Rebbe says that since Torah is above time, yet it is drawn down and comes within the boundaries of time, a certain portion of Torah belongs specifically to that day, like the daily Rambam shiur, and similarly when a new sefer about Torah study is published, due to the great fondness for something new, one should learn that topic at least in this new sefer.

In a footnote there, the Rebbe details the exact time (in addition to saying it that day) when one says the Rambam: One should try to learn the daily shiurim during the day, and if for some reason they couldn't complete them during the day, they can and should complete them at night until chatzos, and if they couldn't complete them until chatzos, they can and should complete them until alos hashachar, like the burning of fats and limbs where "we try to burn everything during the day, a mitzvah is beloved in its time" and if one couldn't during the day - their mitzvah extends until alos hashachar and the reason the chachamim said until chatzos was only to distance a person from transgression.

When the yeshiva administration in Kiryat Gat once asked the Rebbe whether to make a special 'seder' in yeshiva for learning Rambam, the Rebbe's answer was that the temimim's Rambam study should be during their free time.

== Rambam Editions Published in Connection with the Ordinance ==
Starting in 2014 (5774), the Machon HaRambam HaMevuar was established and publishes a clearly explained and comprehensively interpreted Rambam. The explanation includes commentary integrated into the Rambam's own words as well as concise notes. There is also a practical halacha section briefly reviewing every place where the Shulchan Aruch, its commentaries, and the Alter Rebbe's Shulchan Aruch until contemporary poskim disagree with the Rambam. The edition also includes studies on each chapter at the end of each sefer. The edition is called HaRambam HaMevuar Chitruk Edition. As of 2020 (5780), 7 volumes have been published from the series.

Starting in 2015 (5775), the Vaad Talmidei HaTemimim began publishing part of the Rambam in the one-chapter track with English translation and explanation.

Starting in 2019 (5779), Rav Meir Elituv began publishing the '''Pardes HaMelech''' series, which aims to encompass all the Rebbe's explanations on the Yad HaChazaka.

At the completion of the 40th Rambam cycle (3 Tammuz 5781), Rav Yosef Yitzchak Lipsker (California) began publishing the "Otzar HaMelech" books which aim to encompass all of the Rebbe's explanations in brief on Mishneh Torah.

== Benefits of Learning ==
[[Rabbi Menachem Shmuel Dovid Raichik|Rabbi Raichick]] once asked the Rebbe for a blessing for someone with certain medical issues, and the Rebbe said: "If he needs a miracle - he should learn Rambam, since Rambam is an acronym for 'Many are My wonders in the land of Egypt'."

== Special Cycles ==
Since the establishment of this takana (enactment), there have been 3 times when they started and completed the Rambam cycle in the same year, resulting in 2 Siyumei Rambam in that year - one at its beginning and one at its end. This occurrence happens once every 13 years, and has happened in the years 5752 (1992), 5765 (2005), and 5778 (2018). The next time this will occur will be in 5791 (2031).

Since the establishment of the takana until today, there have been 3 times when the completion of all three learning tracks coincided in a Hakhel year, in the years 5755 (1995), 5769 (2009), and 5783 (2023) (every Hakhel year with skips). The next time the celebration of completing all three tracks together will meet in a Hakhel year will be in 5797 (2037).

== Siyum HaRambam ==
At the completion of the Rambam study cycles, according to the Rebbe's takana, a siyum is conducted in the presence of a congregation.

Throughout the years, Gedolei Yisroel from all circles have graced the Siyum HaRambam events, speaking in praise of the takana and its founder. In [[Eretz Yisroel]], the main siyum ceremony takes place at the Rambam's tzion in Teveria.

Besides the main siyum at the completion of the study cycle, according to the Rebbe's instruction, Chassidim hold a more modest celebration for each completion of Halachos (83 times in each cycle). The Rebbe regularly provided a bottle of 'l'chaim' as participation in these siyumim, and in 770, siyumim are regularly conducted upon completion of each set of Halachos by Rabbi Menachem Nachum Gerlitzky.

== Further Reading ==
* Mishneh Torah, in the 'Chayei Rebbi' section of Kfar Chabad weekly magazine issue 1866 page 42 • The Rambam is Not Impressed by Mofthim, issue 1959 page 34
* One of Three, Beis Moshiach weekly magazine supplement 'B'Machaneh Tzivos Hashem' page 6
* The Day When Daily Rambam Study First Began, Shneur Zalman Levin, Beis Moshiach magazine issue 1311 pages 28-31

[[he:תקנת לימוד הרמב"ם]]
[[Category:Rabbi's regulations]]
[[Category:Rambam]]
[[Category:Studying Torah]]

Takonas Limud HaRambam - The Rambam Study Initiative

2025-02-23T19:11:08Z

להתראות:

[[File:הרבי עם רמבם לעם.JPG|thumb|The Rebbe at the entrance to the [[Rambam's Sukkah|his Sukkah]] with the book [[Rambam]] from the 'Rambam for the People' edition in his hand]]
'''The Rambam study enactment''' is a daily learning schedule of the [[Rambam's Mishneh Torah]]. [[The Rebbe]] established this enactment on Acharon Shel Pesach in 1984. The purpose of the enactment was to unite the Jewish people through studying Mishneh Torah, which encompasses all of Torah She'bal Peh (Oral Law), including laws that are not currently practiced.

== Development of the Enactment ==
[[File:הרבי עם רמב"ם.JPG|thumb|The Rebbe reads the Rambam while traveling in his [[car|car]]]]
At the farbrengen of Shabbos Parshas Vayeshev, 20 Kislev 1984, which was essentially a continuation of the 19 Kislev farbrengen that fell on Friday that year, the Rebbe mentioned and encouraged that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas for studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive was not implemented immediately, but the Shluchim-students at the Chabad Yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam lived for several years, who studied this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah-observant community in Morocco. They arranged for it to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day the Rebbe accepted the nesius) until the Rebbe's birthday on Yud Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud Daled Nissan. The Shluchim-students themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them shiurim on these halachos. In Adar I, the tmimim received a general-private letter from the Rebbe, the mere sending of which they interpreted as an expression of gratitude from the Rebbe. The letter opened with the words: "The letter report and enclosure were received and thank you."

At the Yud Alef Nissan 1984 farbrengen, the Rebbe made a siyum on the Rambam, but did not explicitly connect it to the division made in Morocco. Eleven days later, at the Acharon Shel Pesach farbrengen, the Rebbe again raised the initiative for a general division of the Rambam, but in a general way that the learning should be according to order and finish "in proximity" to the Rambam's birthday on Yud Daled Nissan the following year in 1985 (following these words, the bochurim arranged the study schedule (which began on 27 Nissan) to conclude on Yud Alef Nissan). The Rebbe expressed similar sentiments at the general yechidus for guests that took place a few days after Pesach, where the Rebbe focused on the learning track of studying three chapters each day. The Rebbe added that when everyone studies all the halachos, it will create wonderful unity and lead to finding a common learning language between students who can then debate and innovate on the same topic.

Initially, there was no clear concept of where to begin and exactly how to arrange the division of shiurim. The Vaad L'Hafatzas Sichos members arranged the division (the "foreword" to the Rambam study guide states that the Rebbe made the division) for the three-chapter track and submitted the study guide to the Rebbe for review and approval.

== Learning Tracks ==
The ordinance is divided into three learning tracks:

* '''Three Chapters Daily''' - Completing the entire Mishneh Torah within approximately eleven months (339 days).
* '''One Chapter Daily''' - Completing the entire Mishneh Torah within approximately two years and ten months (1017 days).
* '''Learning the Rambam's Sefer HaMitzvot''' (In this track, the mitzvot dealing with the topic learned that day in the three-chapter track are studied daily, and it concludes simultaneously). This track is intended for women and children.

The main purpose of the ordinance is learning and understanding the Rambam. However, some say the Rebbe stated that one fulfills the ordinance even through recitation alone. (This is also explicitly indicated in Chassidus, that when learning is done with a 'movement' of kabbalas ol, its value is priceless "even if one forgets, and even if one doesn't understand what is being said, as it states 'my soul yearns with desire'").

According to Rav Yosef Yeshaya Braun, it is preferable to listen to a shiur on three chapters than to learn one chapter alone.

== Learning Time ==
Regarding the learning time, the Rebbe says that since Torah is above time, yet it is drawn down and comes within the boundaries of time, a certain portion of Torah belongs specifically to that day, like the daily Rambam shiur, and similarly when a new sefer about Torah study is published, due to the great fondness for something new, one should learn that topic at least in this new sefer.

In a footnote there, the Rebbe details the exact time (in addition to saying it that day) when one says the Rambam: One should try to learn the daily shiurim during the day, and if for some reason they couldn't complete them during the day, they can and should complete them at night until chatzos, and if they couldn't complete them until chatzos, they can and should complete them until alos hashachar, like the burning of fats and limbs where "we try to burn everything during the day, a mitzvah is beloved in its time" and if one couldn't during the day - their mitzvah extends until alos hashachar and the reason the chachamim said until chatzos was only to distance a person from transgression.

When the yeshiva administration in Kiryat Gat once asked the Rebbe whether to make a special 'seder' in yeshiva for learning Rambam, the Rebbe's answer was that the temimim's Rambam study should be during their free time.

== Rambam Editions Published in Connection with the Ordinance ==
Starting in 2014 (5774), the Machon HaRambam HaMevuar was established and publishes a clearly explained and comprehensively interpreted Rambam. The explanation includes commentary integrated into the Rambam's own words as well as concise notes. There is also a practical halacha section briefly reviewing every place where the Shulchan Aruch, its commentaries, and the Alter Rebbe's Shulchan Aruch until contemporary poskim disagree with the Rambam. The edition also includes studies on each chapter at the end of each sefer. The edition is called HaRambam HaMevuar Chitruk Edition. As of 2020 (5780), 7 volumes have been published from the series.

Starting in 2015 (5775), the Vaad Talmidei HaTemimim began publishing part of the Rambam in the one-chapter track with English translation and explanation.

Starting in 2019 (5779), Rav Meir Elituv began publishing the '''Pardes HaMelech''' series, which aims to encompass all the Rebbe's explanations on the Yad HaChazaka.

At the completion of the 40th Rambam cycle (3 Tammuz 5781), Rav Yosef Yitzchak Lipsker (California) began publishing the "Otzar HaMelech" books which aim to encompass all of the Rebbe's explanations in brief on Mishneh Torah.

== Benefits of Learning ==
[[Rabbi Menachem Shmuel Dovid Raichik|Rabbi Raichick]] once asked the Rebbe for a blessing for someone with certain medical issues, and the Rebbe said: "If he needs a miracle - he should learn Rambam, since Rambam is an acronym for 'Many are My wonders in the land of Egypt'."

== Special Cycles ==
Since the establishment of this takana (enactment), there have been 3 times when they started and completed the Rambam cycle in the same year, resulting in 2 Siyumei Rambam in that year - one at its beginning and one at its end. This occurrence happens once every 13 years, and has happened in the years 5752 (1992), 5765 (2005), and 5778 (2018). The next time this will occur will be in 5791 (2031).

Since the establishment of the takana until today, there have been 3 times when the completion of all three learning tracks coincided in a Hakhel year, in the years 5755 (1995), 5769 (2009), and 5783 (2023) (every Hakhel year with skips). The next time the celebration of completing all three tracks together will meet in a Hakhel year will be in 5797 (2037).

== Siyum HaRambam ==
At the completion of the Rambam study cycles, according to the Rebbe's takana, a siyum is conducted in the presence of a congregation.

Throughout the years, Gedolei Yisroel from all circles have graced the Siyum HaRambam events, speaking in praise of the takana and its founder. In [[Eretz Yisroel]], the main siyum ceremony takes place at the Rambam's tzion in Teveria.

Besides the main siyum at the completion of the study cycle, according to the Rebbe's instruction, Chassidim hold a more modest celebration for each completion of Halachos (83 times in each cycle). The Rebbe regularly provided a bottle of 'l'chaim' as participation in these siyumim, and in 770, siyumim are regularly conducted upon completion of each set of Halachos by Rabbi Menachem Nachum Gerlitzky.

== Further Reading ==
* Mishneh Torah, in the 'Chayei Rebbi' section of Kfar Chabad weekly magazine issue 1866 page 42 • The Rambam is Not Impressed by Mofthim, issue 1959 page 34
* One of Three, Beis Moshiach weekly magazine supplement 'B'Machaneh Tzivos Hashem' page 6
* The Day When Daily Rambam Study First Began, Shneur Zalman Levin, Beis Moshiach magazine issue 1311 pages 28-31

[[he:תקנת לימוד הרמב"ם]]
[[Category:Rabbi's regulations]]
[[Category:Rambam]]
[[Category:Studying Torah]]

Takonas Limud HaRambam - The Rambam Study Initiative

2025-02-23T19:10:35Z

להתראות:

[[File:הרבי עם רמבם לעם.JPG|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|The Rebbe at the entrance to the [[Rambam's Sukkah|his Sukkah]] with the book [[Rambam]] from the 'Rambam for the People' edition in his hand]]
'''The Rambam study enactment''' is a daily learning schedule of the [[Rambam's Mishneh Torah]]. [[The Rebbe]] established this enactment on Acharon Shel Pesach in 1984. The purpose of the enactment was to unite the Jewish people through studying Mishneh Torah, which encompasses all of Torah She'bal Peh (Oral Law), including laws that are not currently practiced.

== Development of the Enactment ==
[[File:הרבי עם רמב"ם.JPG|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|The Rebbe reads the Rambam while traveling in his [[car|car]]]]
At the farbrengen of Shabbos Parshas Vayeshev, 20 Kislev 1984, which was essentially a continuation of the 19 Kislev farbrengen that fell on Friday that year, the Rebbe mentioned and encouraged that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas for studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive was not implemented immediately, but the Shluchim-students at the Chabad Yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam lived for several years, who studied this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah-observant community in Morocco. They arranged for it to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day the Rebbe accepted the nesius) until the Rebbe's birthday on Yud Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud Daled Nissan. The Shluchim-students themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them shiurim on these halachos. In Adar I, the tmimim received a general-private letter from the Rebbe, the mere sending of which they interpreted as an expression of gratitude from the Rebbe. The letter opened with the words: "The letter report and enclosure were received and thank you."

At the Yud Alef Nissan 1984 farbrengen, the Rebbe made a siyum on the Rambam, but did not explicitly connect it to the division made in Morocco. Eleven days later, at the Acharon Shel Pesach farbrengen, the Rebbe again raised the initiative for a general division of the Rambam, but in a general way that the learning should be according to order and finish "in proximity" to the Rambam's birthday on Yud Daled Nissan the following year in 1985 (following these words, the bochurim arranged the study schedule (which began on 27 Nissan) to conclude on Yud Alef Nissan). The Rebbe expressed similar sentiments at the general yechidus for guests that took place a few days after Pesach, where the Rebbe focused on the learning track of studying three chapters each day. The Rebbe added that when everyone studies all the halachos, it will create wonderful unity and lead to finding a common learning language between students who can then debate and innovate on the same topic.

Initially, there was no clear concept of where to begin and exactly how to arrange the division of shiurim. The Vaad L'Hafatzas Sichos members arranged the division (the "foreword" to the Rambam study guide states that the Rebbe made the division) for the three-chapter track and submitted the study guide to the Rebbe for review and approval.

== Learning Tracks ==
The ordinance is divided into three learning tracks:

* '''Three Chapters Daily''' - Completing the entire Mishneh Torah within approximately eleven months (339 days).
* '''One Chapter Daily''' - Completing the entire Mishneh Torah within approximately two years and ten months (1017 days).
* '''Learning the Rambam's Sefer HaMitzvot''' (In this track, the mitzvot dealing with the topic learned that day in the three-chapter track are studied daily, and it concludes simultaneously). This track is intended for women and children.

The main purpose of the ordinance is learning and understanding the Rambam. However, some say the Rebbe stated that one fulfills the ordinance even through recitation alone. (This is also explicitly indicated in Chassidus, that when learning is done with a 'movement' of kabbalas ol, its value is priceless "even if one forgets, and even if one doesn't understand what is being said, as it states 'my soul yearns with desire'").

According to Rav Yosef Yeshaya Braun, it is preferable to listen to a shiur on three chapters than to learn one chapter alone.

== Learning Time ==
Regarding the learning time, the Rebbe says that since Torah is above time, yet it is drawn down and comes within the boundaries of time, a certain portion of Torah belongs specifically to that day, like the daily Rambam shiur, and similarly when a new sefer about Torah study is published, due to the great fondness for something new, one should learn that topic at least in this new sefer.

In a footnote there, the Rebbe details the exact time (in addition to saying it that day) when one says the Rambam: One should try to learn the daily shiurim during the day, and if for some reason they couldn't complete them during the day, they can and should complete them at night until chatzos, and if they couldn't complete them until chatzos, they can and should complete them until alos hashachar, like the burning of fats and limbs where "we try to burn everything during the day, a mitzvah is beloved in its time" and if one couldn't during the day - their mitzvah extends until alos hashachar and the reason the chachamim said until chatzos was only to distance a person from transgression.

When the yeshiva administration in Kiryat Gat once asked the Rebbe whether to make a special 'seder' in yeshiva for learning Rambam, the Rebbe's answer was that the temimim's Rambam study should be during their free time.

== Rambam Editions Published in Connection with the Ordinance ==
Starting in 2014 (5774), the Machon HaRambam HaMevuar was established and publishes a clearly explained and comprehensively interpreted Rambam. The explanation includes commentary integrated into the Rambam's own words as well as concise notes. There is also a practical halacha section briefly reviewing every place where the Shulchan Aruch, its commentaries, and the Alter Rebbe's Shulchan Aruch until contemporary poskim disagree with the Rambam. The edition also includes studies on each chapter at the end of each sefer. The edition is called HaRambam HaMevuar Chitruk Edition. As of 2020 (5780), 7 volumes have been published from the series.

Starting in 2015 (5775), the Vaad Talmidei HaTemimim began publishing part of the Rambam in the one-chapter track with English translation and explanation.

Starting in 2019 (5779), Rav Meir Elituv began publishing the '''Pardes HaMelech''' series, which aims to encompass all the Rebbe's explanations on the Yad HaChazaka.

At the completion of the 40th Rambam cycle (3 Tammuz 5781), Rav Yosef Yitzchak Lipsker (California) began publishing the "Otzar HaMelech" books which aim to encompass all of the Rebbe's explanations in brief on Mishneh Torah.

== Benefits of Learning ==
[[Rabbi Menachem Shmuel Dovid Raichik|Rabbi Raichick]] once asked the Rebbe for a blessing for someone with certain medical issues, and the Rebbe said: "If he needs a miracle - he should learn Rambam, since Rambam is an acronym for 'Many are My wonders in the land of Egypt'."

== Special Cycles ==
Since the establishment of this takana (enactment), there have been 3 times when they started and completed the Rambam cycle in the same year, resulting in 2 Siyumei Rambam in that year - one at its beginning and one at its end. This occurrence happens once every 13 years, and has happened in the years 5752 (1992), 5765 (2005), and 5778 (2018). The next time this will occur will be in 5791 (2031).

Since the establishment of the takana until today, there have been 3 times when the completion of all three learning tracks coincided in a Hakhel year, in the years 5755 (1995), 5769 (2009), and 5783 (2023) (every Hakhel year with skips). The next time the celebration of completing all three tracks together will meet in a Hakhel year will be in 5797 (2037).

== Siyum HaRambam ==
At the completion of the Rambam study cycles, according to the Rebbe's takana, a siyum is conducted in the presence of a congregation.

Throughout the years, Gedolei Yisroel from all circles have graced the Siyum HaRambam events, speaking in praise of the takana and its founder. In [[Eretz Yisroel]], the main siyum ceremony takes place at the Rambam's tzion in Teveria.

Besides the main siyum at the completion of the study cycle, according to the Rebbe's instruction, Chassidim hold a more modest celebration for each completion of Halachos (83 times in each cycle). The Rebbe regularly provided a bottle of 'l'chaim' as participation in these siyumim, and in 770, siyumim are regularly conducted upon completion of each set of Halachos by Rabbi Menachem Nachum Gerlitzky.

== Further Reading ==
* Mishneh Torah, in the 'Chayei Rebbi' section of Kfar Chabad weekly magazine issue 1866 page 42 • The Rambam is Not Impressed by Mofthim, issue 1959 page 34
* One of Three, Beis Moshiach weekly magazine supplement 'B'Machaneh Tzivos Hashem' page 6
* The Day When Daily Rambam Study First Began, Shneur Zalman Levin, Beis Moshiach magazine issue 1311 pages 28-31

[[he:תקנת לימוד הרמב"ם]]
[[Category:Rabbi's regulations]]
[[Category:Rambam]]
[[Category:Studying Torah]]

Takonas Limud HaRambam - The Rambam Study Initiative

2025-02-23T19:10:11Z

להתראות:

[[קובץ:הרבי עם רמבם לעם.JPG|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|The Rebbe at the entrance to the [[Rambam's Sukkah|his Sukkah]] with the book [[Rambam]] from the 'Rambam for the People' edition in his hand]]
'''The Rambam study enactment''' is a daily learning schedule of the [[Rambam's Mishneh Torah]]. [[The Rebbe]] established this enactment on Acharon Shel Pesach in 1984. The purpose of the enactment was to unite the Jewish people through studying Mishneh Torah, which encompasses all of Torah She'bal Peh (Oral Law), including laws that are not currently practiced.

== Development of the Enactment ==
[[קובץ:הרבי עם רמב"ם.JPG|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|The Rebbe reads the Rambam while traveling in his [[car|car]]]]
At the farbrengen of Shabbos Parshas Vayeshev, 20 Kislev 1984, which was essentially a continuation of the 19 Kislev farbrengen that fell on Friday that year, the Rebbe mentioned and encouraged that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas for studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive was not implemented immediately, but the Shluchim-students at the Chabad Yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam lived for several years, who studied this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah-observant community in Morocco. They arranged for it to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day the Rebbe accepted the nesius) until the Rebbe's birthday on Yud Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud Daled Nissan. The Shluchim-students themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them shiurim on these halachos. In Adar I, the tmimim received a general-private letter from the Rebbe, the mere sending of which they interpreted as an expression of gratitude from the Rebbe. The letter opened with the words: "The letter report and enclosure were received and thank you."

At the Yud Alef Nissan 1984 farbrengen, the Rebbe made a siyum on the Rambam, but did not explicitly connect it to the division made in Morocco. Eleven days later, at the Acharon Shel Pesach farbrengen, the Rebbe again raised the initiative for a general division of the Rambam, but in a general way that the learning should be according to order and finish "in proximity" to the Rambam's birthday on Yud Daled Nissan the following year in 1985 (following these words, the bochurim arranged the study schedule (which began on 27 Nissan) to conclude on Yud Alef Nissan). The Rebbe expressed similar sentiments at the general yechidus for guests that took place a few days after Pesach, where the Rebbe focused on the learning track of studying three chapters each day. The Rebbe added that when everyone studies all the halachos, it will create wonderful unity and lead to finding a common learning language between students who can then debate and innovate on the same topic.

Initially, there was no clear concept of where to begin and exactly how to arrange the division of shiurim. The Vaad L'Hafatzas Sichos members arranged the division (the "foreword" to the Rambam study guide states that the Rebbe made the division) for the three-chapter track and submitted the study guide to the Rebbe for review and approval.

== Learning Tracks ==
The ordinance is divided into three learning tracks:

* '''Three Chapters Daily''' - Completing the entire Mishneh Torah within approximately eleven months (339 days).
* '''One Chapter Daily''' - Completing the entire Mishneh Torah within approximately two years and ten months (1017 days).
* '''Learning the Rambam's Sefer HaMitzvot''' (In this track, the mitzvot dealing with the topic learned that day in the three-chapter track are studied daily, and it concludes simultaneously). This track is intended for women and children.

The main purpose of the ordinance is learning and understanding the Rambam. However, some say the Rebbe stated that one fulfills the ordinance even through recitation alone. (This is also explicitly indicated in Chassidus, that when learning is done with a 'movement' of kabbalas ol, its value is priceless "even if one forgets, and even if one doesn't understand what is being said, as it states 'my soul yearns with desire'").

According to Rav Yosef Yeshaya Braun, it is preferable to listen to a shiur on three chapters than to learn one chapter alone.

== Learning Time ==
Regarding the learning time, the Rebbe says that since Torah is above time, yet it is drawn down and comes within the boundaries of time, a certain portion of Torah belongs specifically to that day, like the daily Rambam shiur, and similarly when a new sefer about Torah study is published, due to the great fondness for something new, one should learn that topic at least in this new sefer.

In a footnote there, the Rebbe details the exact time (in addition to saying it that day) when one says the Rambam: One should try to learn the daily shiurim during the day, and if for some reason they couldn't complete them during the day, they can and should complete them at night until chatzos, and if they couldn't complete them until chatzos, they can and should complete them until alos hashachar, like the burning of fats and limbs where "we try to burn everything during the day, a mitzvah is beloved in its time" and if one couldn't during the day - their mitzvah extends until alos hashachar and the reason the chachamim said until chatzos was only to distance a person from transgression.

When the yeshiva administration in Kiryat Gat once asked the Rebbe whether to make a special 'seder' in yeshiva for learning Rambam, the Rebbe's answer was that the temimim's Rambam study should be during their free time.

== Rambam Editions Published in Connection with the Ordinance ==
Starting in 2014 (5774), the Machon HaRambam HaMevuar was established and publishes a clearly explained and comprehensively interpreted Rambam. The explanation includes commentary integrated into the Rambam's own words as well as concise notes. There is also a practical halacha section briefly reviewing every place where the Shulchan Aruch, its commentaries, and the Alter Rebbe's Shulchan Aruch until contemporary poskim disagree with the Rambam. The edition also includes studies on each chapter at the end of each sefer. The edition is called HaRambam HaMevuar Chitruk Edition. As of 2020 (5780), 7 volumes have been published from the series.

Starting in 2015 (5775), the Vaad Talmidei HaTemimim began publishing part of the Rambam in the one-chapter track with English translation and explanation.

Starting in 2019 (5779), Rav Meir Elituv began publishing the '''Pardes HaMelech''' series, which aims to encompass all the Rebbe's explanations on the Yad HaChazaka.

At the completion of the 40th Rambam cycle (3 Tammuz 5781), Rav Yosef Yitzchak Lipsker (California) began publishing the "Otzar HaMelech" books which aim to encompass all of the Rebbe's explanations in brief on Mishneh Torah.

== Benefits of Learning ==
[[Rabbi Menachem Shmuel Dovid Raichik|Rabbi Raichick]] once asked the Rebbe for a blessing for someone with certain medical issues, and the Rebbe said: "If he needs a miracle - he should learn Rambam, since Rambam is an acronym for 'Many are My wonders in the land of Egypt'."

== Special Cycles ==
Since the establishment of this takana (enactment), there have been 3 times when they started and completed the Rambam cycle in the same year, resulting in 2 Siyumei Rambam in that year - one at its beginning and one at its end. This occurrence happens once every 13 years, and has happened in the years 5752 (1992), 5765 (2005), and 5778 (2018). The next time this will occur will be in 5791 (2031).

Since the establishment of the takana until today, there have been 3 times when the completion of all three learning tracks coincided in a Hakhel year, in the years 5755 (1995), 5769 (2009), and 5783 (2023) (every Hakhel year with skips). The next time the celebration of completing all three tracks together will meet in a Hakhel year will be in 5797 (2037).

== Siyum HaRambam ==
At the completion of the Rambam study cycles, according to the Rebbe's takana, a siyum is conducted in the presence of a congregation.

Throughout the years, Gedolei Yisroel from all circles have graced the Siyum HaRambam events, speaking in praise of the takana and its founder. In [[Eretz Yisroel]], the main siyum ceremony takes place at the Rambam's tzion in Teveria.

Besides the main siyum at the completion of the study cycle, according to the Rebbe's instruction, Chassidim hold a more modest celebration for each completion of Halachos (83 times in each cycle). The Rebbe regularly provided a bottle of 'l'chaim' as participation in these siyumim, and in 770, siyumim are regularly conducted upon completion of each set of Halachos by Rabbi Menachem Nachum Gerlitzky.

== Further Reading ==
* Mishneh Torah, in the 'Chayei Rebbi' section of Kfar Chabad weekly magazine issue 1866 page 42 • The Rambam is Not Impressed by Mofthim, issue 1959 page 34
* One of Three, Beis Moshiach weekly magazine supplement 'B'Machaneh Tzivos Hashem' page 6
* The Day When Daily Rambam Study First Began, Shneur Zalman Levin, Beis Moshiach magazine issue 1311 pages 28-31

[[he:תקנת לימוד הרמב"ם]]
[[Category:Rabbi's regulations]]
[[Category:Rambam]]
[[Category:Studying Torah]]

Vaad L'Hafotzas Sichos

2025-02-23T18:53:15Z

להתראות:

[[File:תיקון מכונת ה'ועד'.jpg|thumb|Rabbi [[Zalman Hanin]] and Rabbi [[Yonathan Hackner]] work on repairing the printing press of the Committee for the Distribution of Talks]]
nating Sichos - '''Vaad L'haafotzas Sichos''' is a publishing institute focused on editing, printing, and distributing the Rebbe's reviewed talks (sichos) and publishing new books. The committee was established in 1967, and continues to be active in distributing the [[The Rebbe|Rebbe's]] talks today. Its current director is Rabbi Shneur Zalman Chanin.

This institute is the Rebbe's official appointee for printing and distributing Chabad Chassidic books.
== Establishment and Purpose ==
The distribution of the Rebbe's talks began at the end of 1950, even before he officially accepted leadership, with the goal of spreading his teachings among Chassidim worldwide and helping Anash communities better know the Rebbe and request that he accept leadership. Among the early leaders in distributing the talks was [[Reb Yoel Kahan|Rabbi Yoel kahn]], who continued working on transcribing the Rebbe's words throughout the years.

From the Rebbe's side, the review of talks within the "Likkutei Sichos" framework began around Shavuot 1958. The Rebbe agreed to review a talk so it could be shared in synagogues as part of community gatherings. The initiators were Tzeirei Agudas Chabad in the United States. Initially, Rabbi Uriel Tzimmer (Parts 1-2) and Rabbi Yoel kahn (Parts 3-4) worked on the talks.

== Publishing Activities ==
The committee's main ongoing activity focused on preparing [[Likkutei Sichos]] booklets for the Rebbe's review, followed by printing and distributing them worldwide. After sufficient material accumulated for a book, the committee printed the Likkutei Sichos books following the Torah portion order. After the Rebbe began reviewing his maamarim (discourses), the committee published the Sefer HaMaamarim Melukat containing the reviewed discourses. From then until today, the committee remains the official publisher and printer of the Rebbe's reviewed teachings.

== Committee Members ==
The committee director is Rabbi [[Shneur Zalman Chanin]]. Editorial members include Rabbi [[Nachman Shapiro]] and Rabbi [[Yaakov Leib Altein]]. Past members included Rabbi [[Yosef Yitzchak Wilshansky]], Rabbi [[Yehuda Leib Shapiro]], Rabbi [[Shneur Zalman Wilshansky]], and Rabbi [[Aryeh Leib Kaplan]]. Contributing editors: Rabbi [[Elimelech Zweibel]], Rabbi [[Alexander Ziskind Pikarsky]], and Rabbi [[Chaim Shalom DovBer Lipsker]]. Rabbi [[Dovid Olidort]] occasionally assisted. Rabbi [[Shalom Jacobson]] was co-director with Rabbi Chanin until his passing in 2021.

== Published Books by the Committee ==
Throughout the years, the committee edited many books from the Rebbe's reviewed talks. Here's the list of their publications:

# [[Likkutei Sichos]] Set (Original) - 39 volumes
# Supplementary volumes to Likkutei Sichos - Volume 40 - 2 volumes
# Likkutei Sichos Parshiyot Set - In recent years, Likkutei Sichos arranged by weekly Torah portions was published
# Likkutei Sichos Moadim Set including reviewed talks arranged by Jewish holidays and festivals, currently 13 volumes published

== Sichos Kodesh Project ==

* [[Sichos Kodesh]] Set - talks from the Rebbe, written by various writers (mainly by members of Vaad Hanachos Hatmimim), not reviewed by him
* [[Pirkei Avot]] Commentary Set - commentaries on Ethics of the Fathers - 2 parts
* [[Sefer HaMaamarim Basi LeGani]] Set - all the Rebbe's Basi LeGani discourses - 2 parts
* Commentary Set on Rashi's Torah Commentary - 5 volumes
* [[Passover Haggadah]] Set with collected reasons and customs, including talks and general letters - 2 volumes
* [[Likkutei Sichos on Redemption and Moshiach]] Set - 5 volumes and supplementary booklet

==References==
*'''[https://www.esicha.org/ The Publishing Institute's homepage]'''
*'''[https://chabadinfo.com/tag/vaad-lhafotzas-sichos/ Tag Archive for "Vaad Lhafotzas Sichos"]''' {{info}}

[[he:ועד להפצת שיחות]]
[[Category:Chabad Publishing Houses]]
[[Category:Kehot Publication]]
[[Category:Books of the Vaad L'Hafotzas Sichos|*]]

Vaad L'Hafotzas Sichos

2025-02-23T18:49:37Z

להתראות:

[[File:תיקון מכונת ה'ועד'.jpg|thumb|Rabbi [[Zalman Hanin]] and Rabbi [[Yonathan Hackner]] work on repairing the printing press of the Committee for the Distribution of Talks]]
nating Sichos - '''Vaad L'haafotzas Sichos''' is a publishing institute focused on editing, printing, and distributing the Rebbe's reviewed talks (sichos) and publishing new books. The committee was established in 1967, and continues to be active in distributing the [[The Rebbe|Rebbe's]] talks today. Its current director is Rabbi Shneur Zalman Chanin.

This institute is the Rebbe's official appointee for printing and distributing Chabad Chassidic books.
== Establishment and Purpose ==
The distribution of the Rebbe's talks began at the end of 1950, even before he officially accepted leadership, with the goal of spreading his teachings among Chassidim worldwide and helping Anash communities better know the Rebbe and request that he accept leadership. Among the early leaders in distributing the talks was [[Reb Yoel Kahan|Rabbi Yoel kahn]], who continued working on transcribing the Rebbe's words throughout the years.

From the Rebbe's side, the review of talks within the "Likkutei Sichos" framework began around Shavuot 1958. The Rebbe agreed to review a talk so it could be shared in synagogues as part of community gatherings. The initiators were Tzeirei Agudas Chabad in the United States. Initially, Rabbi Uriel Tzimmer (Parts 1-2) and Rabbi Yoel kahn (Parts 3-4) worked on the talks.

== Publishing Activities ==
The committee's main ongoing activity focused on preparing [[Likkutei Sichos]] booklets for the Rebbe's review, followed by printing and distributing them worldwide. After sufficient material accumulated for a book, the committee printed the Likkutei Sichos books following the Torah portion order. After the Rebbe began reviewing his maamarim (discourses), the committee published the Sefer HaMaamarim Melukat containing the reviewed discourses. From then until today, the committee remains the official publisher and printer of the Rebbe's reviewed teachings.

== Committee Members ==
The committee director is Rabbi [[Shneur Zalman Chanin]]. Editorial members include Rabbi [[Nachman Shapiro]] and Rabbi [[Yaakov Leib Altein]]. Past members included Rabbi [[Yosef Yitzchak Wilshansky]], Rabbi [[Yehuda Leib Shapiro]], Rabbi [[Shneur Zalman Wilshansky]], and Rabbi [[Aryeh Leib Kaplan]]. Contributing editors: Rabbi [[Elimelech Zweibel]], Rabbi [[Alexander Ziskind Pikarsky]], and Rabbi [[Chaim Shalom DovBer Lipsker]]. Rabbi [[Dovid Olidort]] occasionally assisted. Rabbi [[Shalom Jacobson]] was co-director with Rabbi Chanin until his passing in 2021.

== Published Books by the Committee ==
Throughout the years, the committee edited many books from the Rebbe's reviewed talks. Here's the list of their publications:

# [[Likkutei Sichos]] Set (Original) - 39 volumes
# Supplementary volumes to Likkutei Sichos - Volume 40 - 2 volumes
# Likkutei Sichos Parshiyot Set - In recent years, Likkutei Sichos arranged by weekly Torah portions was published
# Likkutei Sichos Moadim Set including reviewed talks arranged by Jewish holidays and festivals, currently 13 volumes published

== Sichos Kodesh Project ==

* [[Sichos Kodesh]] Set - talks from the Rebbe, written by various writers (mainly by members of Vaad Hanachos Hatmimim), not reviewed by him
* [[Pirkei Avot]] Commentary Set - commentaries on Ethics of the Fathers - 2 parts
* [[Sefer HaMaamarim Basi LeGani]] Set - all the Rebbe's Basi LeGani discourses - 2 parts
* Commentary Set on Rashi's Torah Commentary - 5 volumes
* [[Passover Haggadah]] Set with collected reasons and customs, including talks and general letters - 2 volumes
* [[Likkutei Sichos on Redemption and Moshiach]] Set - 5 volumes and supplementary booklet

[[he:ועד להפצת שיחות]]
[[Category:Chabad Publishing Houses]]
[[Category:Kehot Publication]]
[[Category:Books of the Vaad L'Hafotzas Sichos|*]]

Vaad L'Hafotzas Sichos

2025-02-23T18:49:09Z

להתראות:

[[קובץ:תיקון מכונת ה'ועד'.jpg|thumb|Rabbi [[Zalman Hanin]] and Rabbi [[Yonathan Hackner]] work on repairing the printing press of the Committee for the Distribution of Talks]]
nating Sichos - '''Vaad L'haafotzas Sichos''' is a publishing institute focused on editing, printing, and distributing the Rebbe's reviewed talks (sichos) and publishing new books. The committee was established in 1967, and continues to be active in distributing the [[The Rebbe|Rebbe's]] talks today. Its current director is Rabbi Shneur Zalman Chanin.

This institute is the Rebbe's official appointee for printing and distributing Chabad Chassidic books.
== Establishment and Purpose ==
The distribution of the Rebbe's talks began at the end of 1950, even before he officially accepted leadership, with the goal of spreading his teachings among Chassidim worldwide and helping Anash communities better know the Rebbe and request that he accept leadership. Among the early leaders in distributing the talks was [[Reb Yoel Kahan|Rabbi Yoel kahn]], who continued working on transcribing the Rebbe's words throughout the years.

From the Rebbe's side, the review of talks within the "Likkutei Sichos" framework began around Shavuot 1958. The Rebbe agreed to review a talk so it could be shared in synagogues as part of community gatherings. The initiators were Tzeirei Agudas Chabad in the United States. Initially, Rabbi Uriel Tzimmer (Parts 1-2) and Rabbi Yoel kahn (Parts 3-4) worked on the talks.

== Publishing Activities ==
The committee's main ongoing activity focused on preparing [[Likkutei Sichos]] booklets for the Rebbe's review, followed by printing and distributing them worldwide. After sufficient material accumulated for a book, the committee printed the Likkutei Sichos books following the Torah portion order. After the Rebbe began reviewing his maamarim (discourses), the committee published the Sefer HaMaamarim Melukat containing the reviewed discourses. From then until today, the committee remains the official publisher and printer of the Rebbe's reviewed teachings.

== Committee Members ==
The committee director is Rabbi [[Shneur Zalman Chanin]]. Editorial members include Rabbi [[Nachman Shapiro]] and Rabbi [[Yaakov Leib Altein]]. Past members included Rabbi [[Yosef Yitzchak Wilshansky]], Rabbi [[Yehuda Leib Shapiro]], Rabbi [[Shneur Zalman Wilshansky]], and Rabbi [[Aryeh Leib Kaplan]]. Contributing editors: Rabbi [[Elimelech Zweibel]], Rabbi [[Alexander Ziskind Pikarsky]], and Rabbi [[Chaim Shalom DovBer Lipsker]]. Rabbi [[Dovid Olidort]] occasionally assisted. Rabbi [[Shalom Jacobson]] was co-director with Rabbi Chanin until his passing in 2021.

== Published Books by the Committee ==
Throughout the years, the committee edited many books from the Rebbe's reviewed talks. Here's the list of their publications:

# [[Likkutei Sichos]] Set (Original) - 39 volumes
# Supplementary volumes to Likkutei Sichos - Volume 40 - 2 volumes
# Likkutei Sichos Parshiyot Set - In recent years, Likkutei Sichos arranged by weekly Torah portions was published
# Likkutei Sichos Moadim Set including reviewed talks arranged by Jewish holidays and festivals, currently 13 volumes published

== Sichos Kodesh Project ==

* [[Sichos Kodesh]] Set - talks from the Rebbe, written by various writers (mainly by members of Vaad Hanachos Hatmimim), not reviewed by him
* [[Pirkei Avot]] Commentary Set - commentaries on Ethics of the Fathers - 2 parts
* [[Sefer HaMaamarim Basi LeGani]] Set - all the Rebbe's Basi LeGani discourses - 2 parts
* Commentary Set on Rashi's Torah Commentary - 5 volumes
* [[Passover Haggadah]] Set with collected reasons and customs, including talks and general letters - 2 volumes
* [[Likkutei Sichos on Redemption and Moshiach]] Set - 5 volumes and supplementary booklet

[[he:ועד להפצת שיחות]]
[[Category:Chabad Publishing Houses]]
[[Category:Kehot Publication]]
[[Category:Books of the Vaad L'Hafotzas Sichos|*]]

Vaad L'Hafotzas Sichos

2025-02-23T18:47:31Z

להתראות:

[[קובץ:תיקון מכונת ה'ועד'.jpg|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|Rabbi [[Zalman Hanin]] and Rabbi [[Yonathan Hackner]] work on repairing the printing press of the Committee for the Distribution of Talks]]
nating Sichos - '''Vaad L'haafotzas Sichos''' is a publishing institute focused on editing, printing, and distributing the Rebbe's reviewed talks (sichos) and publishing new books. The committee was established in 1967, and continues to be active in distributing the [[The Rebbe|Rebbe's]] talks today. Its current director is Rabbi Shneur Zalman Chanin.

This institute is the Rebbe's official appointee for printing and distributing Chabad Chassidic books.
== Establishment and Purpose ==
The distribution of the Rebbe's talks began at the end of 1950, even before he officially accepted leadership, with the goal of spreading his teachings among Chassidim worldwide and helping Anash communities better know the Rebbe and request that he accept leadership. Among the early leaders in distributing the talks was [[Reb Yoel Kahan|Rabbi Yoel kahn]], who continued working on transcribing the Rebbe's words throughout the years.

From the Rebbe's side, the review of talks within the "Likkutei Sichos" framework began around Shavuot 1958. The Rebbe agreed to review a talk so it could be shared in synagogues as part of community gatherings. The initiators were Tzeirei Agudas Chabad in the United States. Initially, Rabbi Uriel Tzimmer (Parts 1-2) and Rabbi Yoel kahn (Parts 3-4) worked on the talks.

== Publishing Activities ==
The committee's main ongoing activity focused on preparing [[Likkutei Sichos]] booklets for the Rebbe's review, followed by printing and distributing them worldwide. After sufficient material accumulated for a book, the committee printed the Likkutei Sichos books following the Torah portion order. After the Rebbe began reviewing his maamarim (discourses), the committee published the Sefer HaMaamarim Melukat containing the reviewed discourses. From then until today, the committee remains the official publisher and printer of the Rebbe's reviewed teachings.

== Committee Members ==
The committee director is Rabbi [[Shneur Zalman Chanin]]. Editorial members include Rabbi [[Nachman Shapiro]] and Rabbi [[Yaakov Leib Altein]]. Past members included Rabbi [[Yosef Yitzchak Wilshansky]], Rabbi [[Yehuda Leib Shapiro]], Rabbi [[Shneur Zalman Wilshansky]], and Rabbi [[Aryeh Leib Kaplan]]. Contributing editors: Rabbi [[Elimelech Zweibel]], Rabbi [[Alexander Ziskind Pikarsky]], and Rabbi [[Chaim Shalom DovBer Lipsker]]. Rabbi [[Dovid Olidort]] occasionally assisted. Rabbi [[Shalom Jacobson]] was co-director with Rabbi Chanin until his passing in 2021.

== Published Books by the Committee ==
Throughout the years, the committee edited many books from the Rebbe's reviewed talks. Here's the list of their publications:

# [[Likkutei Sichos]] Set (Original) - 39 volumes
# Supplementary volumes to Likkutei Sichos - Volume 40 - 2 volumes
# Likkutei Sichos Parshiyot Set - In recent years, Likkutei Sichos arranged by weekly Torah portions was published
# Likkutei Sichos Moadim Set including reviewed talks arranged by Jewish holidays and festivals, currently 13 volumes published

== Sichos Kodesh Project ==

* [[Sichos Kodesh]] Set - talks from the Rebbe, written by various writers (mainly by members of Vaad Hanachos Hatmimim), not reviewed by him
* [[Pirkei Avot]] Commentary Set - commentaries on Ethics of the Fathers - 2 parts
* [[Sefer HaMaamarim Basi LeGani]] Set - all the Rebbe's Basi LeGani discourses - 2 parts
* Commentary Set on Rashi's Torah Commentary - 5 volumes
* [[Passover Haggadah]] Set with collected reasons and customs, including talks and general letters - 2 volumes
* [[Likkutei Sichos on Redemption and Moshiach]] Set - 5 volumes and supplementary booklet

[[he:ועד להפצת שיחות]]
[[Category:Chabad Publishing Houses]]
[[Category:Kehot Publication]]
[[Category:Books of the Vaad L'Hafotzas Sichos|*]]

The Seven Branches of the Menorah - The Kanim

2025-02-23T18:40:09Z

להתראות:

[[File:שבעת הקנים מגדל העמק.jpg|thumb|A young man at the [[Tomchei Tamimim Migdal HaEmek]] teaches a lesson to his friends as part of 'The Kanim' (5780)]]
The "Seven Branches of the Menorah" is a concept that the Rebbe introduced in the early years of his nesius (leadership). Its purpose was to have seven bochurim in yeshiva who excel in learning nigleh (revealed Torah) and seven talmidim who excel in learning Chassidus.

== History of the Concept ==
In early [[Kislev]] [[5719]], during a routine [[yechidus]] with the hanhala of the [[Central Tomchei Tmimim Yeshiva]], the Rebbe requested that they select the "Seven Branches of [[the Menorah]]" - meaning seven bochurim who are more inclined and suited to learning nigleh and excel in it, and seven bochurim who are more inclined and suited to learning Chassidus and excel in it.

Immediately after the yechidus, the hanhala chose the "branches" - Rav [[Mordechai Mentlik]] selected the [[nigleh]] branches and Rav [[Yoel Kahan]] selected the [[Chassidus]] branches.

A week after that yechidus with the yeshiva hanhala, the Rebbe called the chosen bochurim for a yechidus and explained to them the great zechus they had received, and on the other hand, the great responsibility. During the yechidus, the Rebbe also explained what was required of them as "Seven Branches" to influence others through their learning and the other talmidim of the yeshiva.

The branches would add an extra hour of learning each day - the Chassidus branches would learn maamarim of the Rebbe Maharash, and the nigleh branches would learn various masechtos.

The day after the farbrengen, the Rebbe sent a note to Rav Mordechai Mentlik requesting that the bochurim participating in the "branches" give shiurim to the yeshiva. From then on, it became a minhag in 770 that every Friday afternoon there would be a nigleh shiur given by one of the nigleh "branches" and every Friday night there would be a Chassidus shiur given by one of the Chassidus "branches".

Two weeks later at the Yud Tes Kislev farbrengen, the Rebbe requested that all the chosen bochurim say l'chaim and mentioned their names. After they said l'chaim, the Rebbe asked them to start a niggun, and they began singing "Ufaratzta" to the tune of Ki Elokim.

The Rebbe also demanded that they write their chiddushim and print them in a kovetz pilpulim. Indeed, two days after the first kovetz appeared, the Rebbe mentioned it at the Shavuos 5719 farbrengen.

The Rebbe wanted the minhag of the Seven Branches to spread to other yeshivos and sent a letter on 12 Sivan to the hanhala of the yeshiva in Lod, including the kovetz pilpulim, requesting them to adopt the idea.

When one of the 'branches' wrote to the Rebbe about feelings of gaavah (pride) he was experiencing as a result, the Rebbe dismissed this and wrote to him that the yeshus comes "from the chometz in a person, and not chas v'shalom from learning Torah and Chassidus."

== In Chassidus ==

* [[Yehuda Leib Alevsky]] - The Rebbe's shliach in Cleveland, Ohio
* [[Aharon Chitrik]] - Member of Otzar HaChassidim editorial board
* [[Mordechai Leib Chein]] - Member of World Chabad Center for Greeting Moshiach Tzidkeinu management
* [[Betzalel Jacobson]]
* [[Yisroel Chaim Lazar]] - [[Crown Heights]] resident
* [[Alter Shneur Zalman Lipsker]] - Among the Rebbe's shluchim in Philadelphia
* [[Shmarya Roitblat]] - Mashgiach in Chassidus at Tomchei Tmimim Ohalei Torah Crown Heights

== In Nigleh ==

* [[Yosef Yeshaya Abrams]] - Rosh Yeshiva of [[Miami]] Yeshiva Gedola
* [[Moshe Bogomilsky]] - Member of Central Lubavitch Rabbinical Committee
* [[Peretz Feigenson]] - Chairman of Torah Classes Committee of Central Tzeirei Agudas Chabad
* [[Yisroel Friedman]] - Rosh Yeshiva of Tomchei Tmimim Ohalei Torah Crown Heights
* [[Avraham Korf]] - The Rebbe's shliach in Florida
* [[Yitzchok Raitport]] - Dayan in [[Beis Din Crown Heights|Crown Heights Beis Din Tzedek]]
* [[Avraham Shem Tov]] - The Rebbe's shliach to Philadelphia

== Further Reading ==
Rav Shalom Yehuda Leib Ginzburg, "Avinu Malkeinu", Hatamim System 5771

[[he:שבעת קני המנורה]]
[[Category:Rabbi's regulations]]

Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka

2025-02-11T17:55:14Z

להתראות: Redirected page to Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson

#Redirect[[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson]]

The Rebbe Rashab

2025-02-11T17:54:12Z

להתראות: /* His Family */

'''Rabbi Shalom DovBer Schneersohn - The Rebbe Rashab''' ([[20 Cheshvan]] [[5621]] - [[2 Nissan]] [[5680]]) was the fifth [[Nasi]] in the golden chain of [[Chabad Rebbeim]], the son of the [[Rebbe Maharash]] and [[Rebbetzin Rivka]]. He founded [[Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch]], the mother of all Chabad yeshivos worldwide. Known as "the [[Rambam]] of [[Chassidus]]" for his systematic and comprehensive approach to explaining Chassidic concepts.

== Early Years and Childhood ==
Born in [[Lubavitch]] on Monday, [[Parshas Chayei Sarah]], 20 Cheshvan 5621. His [[birth]] was preceded by remarkable dreams experienced by his mother Rebbetzin Rivka, in which she was visited by her mother Rebbetzin Chaya Sarah and her grandfather, the [[Mitteler Rebbe]], who instructed her and the Rebbe Maharash to write a Sefer Torah and promised them a "good son."

His bris was held on 26 Kislev 5621, delayed by hora'a of the Tzemach Tzedek. He was named Shalom DovBer after his zeidim - Reb Shalom Shachna Altshuler and the Mitteler Rebbe (DovBer). The Tzemach Tzedek explained the name's inner meaning according to Chassidus at the bris.

His upsherin took place on 20 Cheshvan 5624, conducted b'tznius (privately) as per the Tzemach Tzedek's instruction. The night before, he slept in the Tzemach Tzedek's room. In the morning, the Tzemach Tzedek instructed Reb Chaim Ber Chaimson to wash the child's hands, and said birchos hashachar with him.

He entered cheder on the day of his upsherin, learning in a room adjacent to the small beis medrash near the Tzemach Tzedek. During the celebration, the Tzemach Tzedek threw candies, saying they were from Malach Michael. With pure temimus, the young Rashab wouldn't eat them until Erev Pesach when reminded.

The Rebbe Maharash testified: "My son the Rashab was never a naar. Even in his youth, he was a yerei Shamayim, organized, and worked with tremendous yegiah that his hanhaga should be b'darchei haChassidus. By his bar mitzvah, he was already a chossid with a structured avodah."

== Early Achievements ==
By age five, he showed extraordinary hasmada. At age eight, he began attending the Rebbe Maharash's maamarim, and by age nine, his father began teaching him p'nimius. Before his bar mitzvah, he was already boki in all of Tanach, Shisha Sidrei Mishna, and Shulchan Aruch.

At age 14, he knew all of Seder Nashim by heart. In 5635, he began serving as a chozer for his father the Rebbe Maharash, transcribing hanachos of the maamarim.

== Marriage ==
The shidduch between the Rebbe Rashab and his cousin Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah was suggested by his zeide the Tzemach Tzedek when he was only four years old.

Before the chasunah, following the minhag Beis HaRav, the Rebbe Maharash instructed his son to be tested and receive semicha. The Rebbe Maharash wanted the chasunah to be in Lubavitch, which he called "the Yerushalayim of golus," but due to various circumstances, it took place in Avrutch.

The chasunah was celebrated on Motzei Shabbos Parshas Teitzei, 11 Elul 5635, in Avrutch. The Rebbe Maharash himself couldn't attend due to his health but sent deep maamarim and horaos with profound significance.

== Accepting the Nesius ==
On 13 Tishrei 5643, the Rebbe Maharash was nistalek, deeply affecting the Rebbe Rashab. The process of accepting the nesius lasted approximately eleven years. A few days after the histalkus, on the second day of Sukkos, 16 Tishrei, the Rebbe Rashab delivered his first maamar beginning with "Kesser Yitnu L'cha." He said another maamar on Chanukah. These maamarim were transcribed and sent to the Chassidim, who received them with great simcha.

During the year of aveilus, the Rebbe Rashab conducted himself with unique hanhagos: He would daven in his father's room, and after davening would close the door and remain there the entire day - learning, eating, and sleeping there. He wouldn't receive anyone or respond to questions seeking eitzos. He dedicated all his time to tefillah and limud haTorah, focused on hisbodedus and inner avodah.

In 5650, he began receiving people for yechidus temporarily. On Rosh Hashanah 5654, he started davening in his father's regular place, accepting Chassidim for yechidus regularly, and responding in writing to Chassidim's she'eilos. He also began allowing his maamarim to be transcribed for hafatzah among the Chassidim.

== Public Service Activities ==
In his leadership period, he worked extensively to improve the physical and spiritual condition of Jews in general and Russian Jews in particular. He first began engaging in public service in 1880, updating his father regarding decrees against Russian Jews. In 1892, the Russian government decided to expel all Jews from Moscow. The Rebbe Rashab tried various ways to cancel the decree, but without success. However, during the decree's implementation, he ensured Moscow's Jews were settled in suitable locations.

In 1895, The Rebbe Rashab became more involved in public service, mainly strengthening Colel Chabad in Eretz Hakodesh. In 1897, he began working against the establishment of Haskalah movement schools, trying to prevent a school from being established in Lubavitch by appealing to Baron Naftali Hertz Ginzburg. After the school was established, he tried to prevent funding and launched a campaign on the matter.

In 1902, he established a weaving and spinning factory in Dubrovna to employ Jews, requesting support from the Jewish organization ICA to finance the factory.

During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), The Rebbe Rashab ensured matzos and Pesach necessities for Jewish soldiers in the Russian army. In 1905, he established a special committee for this matter. That summer, during a Colel Chabad conference, he first proposed establishing a Chabad yeshiva in Chevron. Toras Emes Yeshiva was founded several years later in 1912 in Beis Romano in Chevron.

In 1905, a rabbinical assembly was held in Vilna, where the government demanded rabbis study secular subjects. During the assembly, The Rebbe Rashab stated:

"All nations must know that only our bodies were given to exile and government subjugation, but our souls were not given to exile and government subjugation. We must declare openly that regarding our religion, Torah, mitzvos and Jewish customs, no authority or coercive force can be used against us Jews. We must declare with the strongest Jewish stubbornness, with the thousand-year-old Jewish mesiras nefesh - do not touch my anointed ones and do not harm my prophets!"

In 1910, a general rabbinical assembly was held in Petersburg by the authorities, dealing with fundamental questions about the Jewish people's physical and material condition. 42 representatives of Russian Jewish communities participated, through which government officials sought to establish regulations opposing traditional customs, primarily regarding religious rabbis' status.

During the assembly, government representatives threatened pogroms throughout the country if rabbis wouldn't compromise. The Rebbe Rashab responded:

"We are not afraid of this at all, since there is no heavenly decree for this heaven forbid"

The Rebbe Rashab took active part in the Beilis trial, establishing a special committee to defend Mendel Beilis.

== Opposition to Zionism ==
The Rebbe Rashab was among prominent Jewish leaders who opposed Zionism. He encouraged publishing the book "Or L'Yesharim" presenting gedolei Yisroel's opposition to Zionism, writing: "If heaven forbid they succeed in holding the land as they imagine, they will defile and contaminate it with their abominations and evil deeds, lengthening the exile." Initially among Agudas Yisroel's founders, he left due to its closeness to Zionism and broad emphasis on aliyah regardless of spiritual condition.

Much of his public work was done in cooperation with leading Admorim and rabbis like R' Chaim of Brisk, R' Chaim Ozer Grodzinski and the Chofetz Chaim, maintaining regular correspondence with some and occasionally meeting several of them.

== Tomchei Tmimim Yeshiva ==
"The Rebbe Rashab, besides his great holiness and righteousness as leader of Chabad chassidim, was known from his youth among Chabad maskilim as an extraordinary genius in Chabad teachings. Elder chassidim crowned The Rebbe Rashab as 'The Rambam of Chabad teachings' as every topic explained in his Chabad teachings and discourses is established halacha arranged with all reasoning and explanations properly ordered."

On Sunday 15 Elul 1897, during his son the Rayatz's sheva brachos, The Rebbe Rashab called a conference of fifty leading rabbis and wealthy individuals then in Lubavitch for the wedding, announcing his decision to establish Tomchei Tmimim Yeshiva. The yeshiva's innovation would be students' analytical study of Chassidus and following its ways. The students, called "Tmimim," would be a center of G-d-fearing, genuine heartfelt divine service. Two days later, on Tuesday 17 Elul, The Rebbe Rashab chose the first 18 students.

Three years after establishing the yeshiva, on Simchas Torah 1901, The Rebbe Rashab gave a talk to Tmimim students based on Chazal's statement "Anyone going to war for Beis Dovid writes a divorce document for his wife." He explained the Tmimim students' purpose and established additional points in their required work as soldiers of Beis Dovid.

== Health ==
The Rebbe Rashab had a weak constitution and often fell ill. Consequently, he spent much time traveling to health resorts and specialist doctors. In 1884, he first began traveling to healing places, mainly warm coastal countries. In 1886, he went to the Yalta mountains, uniquely bringing his whole family unlike other journeys.

His father the Maharash's passing broke his spirit and weakened him physically. In his twenties, he had to leave home for health resorts to be examined by top doctors and strengthen himself in restful places. Except rarely, he never took his son.

In Kislev 1891, he fell severely ill with fever for about two months. The first month he was confined to his room, emerging for prayer on 24 Teves. That summer he traveled three times (each for five days) to nearby Mazinkes village for his health. After Chanukah 1897, he had to travel to Moscow for healing. Doctors then gave him only months to live, leading him to decide to either move to Eretz Yisroel or relocate somewhere he could study Torah and serve alone.

In winter 1903, he traveled to Vienna with his son the Rayatz and met Dr. Sigmund Freud due to loss of feeling in his left hand. Freud gave The Rebbe Rashab electrical treatment and they discussed various matters. In their conversation, the Rebbe explained how to connect mind and heart so the mind could spiritually enrich the heart.

== End of Life ==

====== Move to Rostov ======
In Cheshvan 5676 (1915), the Rebbe Rashab left Lubavitch and moved to Rostov due to World War I.

== Passing ==
In winter 5680 (1920), the Bolsheviks captured Rostov after a long civil war. Due to dangerous roads and the occupation, the court diminished and the Rebbe requested people not come. Prayers and maamarim were conducted with minimal minyanim.

At the end of Adar, the Rebbe Rashab fell ill. On Motzei Shabbos, the eve of 2 Nissan 5680 (1920) at 4am, it was clear these were his final moments. His eyes closed in dveikus and his breathing weakened. The Frierdiker Rebbe cried out "Tatte! Tatte!" several times. When he stopped breathing and the Frierdiker Rebbe called out again, the Rebbe opened his eyes, looked at him, and two tears fell from his holy eyes before closing again. The Rebbe Rashab straightened his head, arranged his hands and feet, and his holy soul ascended in holiness and purity.

After the passing, the Chevra Kadisha called some Anash to choose an appropriate burial place. R' Moshe Dober Rivkin, R' Shmuel Gurary, R' Nosson Gurary, R' Tzvi Hirsh Gurary, R' Zalman Havlin, and R' Y. Levin decided to bury him near the shamash's house. The Frierdiker Rebbe came and approved the location.

The elders and respected Anash performed the tahara. They reported that the Rebbe Rashab's holy face maintained vitality throughout, with a slight smile on his lips. A burial coffin was built from the bima boards of the beis medrash and the Rebbe Rashab's shtender. Besides shrouds, he was wrapped in the Shabbos tallis he prayed with in his final days.

All Rostov Jews participated in the funeral. Before burial, the Frierdiker Rebbe designated R' Avrohom Boruch Pozner, R' Eliezer Krasik and another chossid as a special beis din, stating the burial was conditional and he retained rights to transfer the holy remains to his ancestors' graves in Lubavitch. An ohel was erected over the Rebbe Rashab's grave.

== Moving the Ohel ==
In winter 5699 (1939), Rostov authorities planned to destroy the cemetery to build new buildings. The chassidim decided to move the ohel to another cemetery on Takucheva Street 155. The Frierdiker Rebbe approved the transfer. Instructions for handling the holy remains came from R' Levi Yitzchok Schneerson (the Rebbe's father).

The actual transfer took place in Adar 5700 (1940) by a minyan of chassidim including: R' Tzemach Kutman, R' Mendel Kantor (the Rebbe's attendant), R' Moshe Wolf Labak, R' Nachman Lokshin, R' Avrohom Katznelson, R' Yona Eidelkop, and R' Chaim Yisroel Epstein. No monument was erected at the new cemetery. The marker for the Rebbe Rashab's resting place was a tree at his head and a mound of earth. To prevent others from being buried next to the Rebbe, the chassidim made six additional earth mounds as if others were buried there.

In 5749 (1989), with the Rebbe's approval, the monument and fence were erected by R' Dovid Nachshon and R' Avi Taub.

After the passing, his only son, the Frierdiker Rebbe, assumed leadership.

== His Shluchim in Russia ==
The Rebbe Rashab sent mature or married Tomchei Tmimim graduates as his shluchim to Russian communities to strengthen Yiddishkeit.

== His Shluchim to Sefardic Jews ==
The Rebbe Rashab worked among Sefardic Jews through shluchim:

* Georgia - sent R' Shmuel Levitin, R' Avrohom Levi Slavin and others
* Bukhara - sent R' Shlomo Yehuda Leib Eliezrov and R' Avrohom Chaim Naeh to Samarkand
* Caucasus - sent R' Shemaryahu Sasonkin

== His Picture ==
The Rebbe Rashab was particular about not being photographed. The only time he agreed was in 5680 (1920), near his passing, when there were plans for the Rebbe and family to travel from Rostov. For passport purposes he was photographed, which is the known picture of him.

The Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka noted the picture didn't capture his true appearance. Therefore R' Nachum Yitzchok Kaplan drew the Rebbe Rashab's likeness from memory wearing a shtreimel. After the Rebbetzin's corrections, she expressed satisfaction.

In 5780 (2020), a new picture was discovered with Hebrew writing "Rabbi Shalom Dober Schneerson 5668" and in Russian "Moscow 1908". Discussion arose whether it was indeed the Rebbe Rashab or a relative.

== His Nigunim ==

# Min Hametzar - on verses before shofar blowing on Rosh Hashanah
# Brochos Before Tekios - on blessings before shofar blowing
# Verses After Tekios - on verses after shofar blowing
# Rostov Nigun - sung during his time in Rostov
# Preparation for 4 Bavos - nigun beloved to him, sung as preparation for the 4 Bavos nigun

== His Seforim ==

# Igros Kodesh - his letters, published in six volumes
# B'Shaah Shehikdimu 5672 - long hemshech explaining core Chassidic concepts
# Sefer HaMaamarim - series of his maamarim during his leadership
# Sefer HaSichos Toras Shalom - his sichos from farbrengens during holidays
# Hagahos on Posach Eliyahu - 5658
# Kuntreisim:
#* Chanoch L'Naar - his first will
#* Kuntres U'Maayan - series on the posuk "U'maayan m'beis Hashem"
#* Kuntres HaTefillah - extensive explanation on prayer
#* Kuntres Eitz HaChaim - written for Tomchei Tmimim students
#* Kuntres HaAvodah - for Tmimim on proper avodas Hashem Also wrote an article for Ohr L'Yesharim

== His Family ==

* His only son, R' Yosef Yitzchok - [[the Frierdiker Rebbe]]
* Granddaughter [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka]], the Rebbe's wife
* Granddaughter [[Chana Gurary]]
* Granddaughter [[Sheina Horenstein]]

== Further Reading ==

====== Early Years ======

* Secret meeting in the Tzemach Tzedek's holy room - Beis Moshiach magazine Kislev 5781
* The early years, childhood period - Kfar Chabad 1882
* Rebbe Rashab's tenaim - Beis Moshiach 206
* R' Zalman Hertzel on the Rebbe Rashab and Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah's wedding

== Accepting Leadership ==

* R' Menachem Ziegelboim on Rebbe Rashab accepting leadership - Beis Moshiach 595

== Passing ==

* R' Moshe Dober Rivkin's "Ishkavta D'Rebbi" - Documentation of final illness, passing and funeral
* R' Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad Community in Rostov - Beis Moshiach 595
* The Mashpia Who Never Returned - Passing account by R' Avrohom Boruch Pozner
* Passing and Ohel of Rebbe Rashab - Beis Moshiach 273
* Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah's letter to R' Shmuel Bezpalov about the passing
* Passing and funeral of Rebbe Rashab - Lev Ha'Ari
* R' Shneur Zalman Berger - Documentation of moving Rebbe Rashab's Ohel
* R' Menachem Ziegelboim's "Estalak Yekara" - Stories of Chabad Rebbes' passing
* R' Elishiv Kaplan's "Inside the Exile" - Jewish community in Rostov

[[he:רבי שלום דובער שניאורסון (אדמו"ר הרש"ב)]]

The Frierdiker Rebbe

2025-02-11T17:52:55Z

להתראות: Redirected page to The Rebbe Rayatz

#Redirect[[The Rebbe Rayatz]]

Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah

2025-02-11T17:52:40Z

להתראות:

'''Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah''' was the Wife of the Rebbe Rashab. Known for her great wisdom, understanding, and good character. She worked extensively for the benefit of Beis Rebbi, the chassidim, and was particularly involved in supporting Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim.

== Early Life ==
Born in Lubavitch on [[15 Teves]] [[5619]] to her father Reb Yosef Yitzchak (son of [[the Tzemach Tzedek]]) and her mother Rebbetzin Chana - daughter of R' Yaakov Yisroel of Cherkass, son-in-law of the Mitteler Rebbe.

She was the fifth Rebbetzin in the chain of Chabad leaders.

== Marriage ==
During one of Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah's visits with her father to her grandfather the Tzemach Tzedek, the Rebbe Rashab, then four years old, was present. The Tzemach Tzedek remarked about them: "A chosson and kallah."

That year on 10 Sivan 5625, the tenaim were written. The chosson's father committed to 1,000 rubles and 5 years of support. The kallah's father committed to 1,500 rubles and 5 years of support. The Tzemach Tzedek committed to 500 rubles in 10 payments.

The wedding took place on Motzei Shabbos Parshas Teitzei, 11 Elul 5635 in Avrutch.

== Later Life ==
In her first two years of marriage, she would transcribe chassidic discourses her husband heard from his father.

She established a worldwide women's organization (Damen-Ferein) to support Lubavitch cheder students and worked extensively for Tomchei Tmimim students.

When her son the Frierdiker Rebbe was arrested, she stood by the aron kodesh, bent over with half her body inside, crying bitterly in prayer to Hashem.

She arrived in America with her son on 9 Adar 5700.

== The Rav of Liadi's Scroll ==
In her youth, she wrote about the arrest and redemption of the Alter Rebbe titled "The Rav of Liadi's Scroll." It was lost but found in 5700 by her step-nephew R' Shimshon Dov Yerushalimski who gave it to the Frierdiker Rebbe.

== Passing ==
She passed away on Shabbos Shirah, 13 Shevat 5702, during Nishmas. She was the first to be buried in the Chabad section of Montefiore Cemetery in Queens, New York.

In 5703, the Frierdiker Rebbe established the Beis Sarah girls' school network in her memory.

== Family ==
* Father: Reb Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson (son of the Tzemach Tzedek)
* Mother: Rebbetzin Chana, daughter of [[R' Yaakov Yisroel of Cherkass]]
* Husband: [[The Rebbe Rashab]]
* Son: [[The Frierdiker Rebbe]]
* Brother: R' Shneur Zalman Mordechai
* Sister: Rebbetzin [[Sheina Brocha Dulitzki]]

Mitteler Rebbe

2025-02-11T17:49:38Z

להתראות: Redirected page to The Mitteler Rebbe

#Redirect[[The Mitteler Rebbe]]

The Rayatz

2025-02-11T17:48:45Z

להתראות: Redirected page to The Rebbe Rayatz

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The Rebbe Rashab

2025-02-11T17:45:38Z

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'''Rabbi Shalom DovBer Schneersohn - The Rebbe Rashab''' ([[20 Cheshvan]] [[5621]] - [[2 Nissan]] [[5680]]) was the fifth [[Nasi]] in the golden chain of [[Chabad Rebbeim]], the son of the [[Rebbe Maharash]] and [[Rebbetzin Rivka]]. He founded [[Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch]], the mother of all Chabad yeshivos worldwide. Known as "the [[Rambam]] of [[Chassidus]]" for his systematic and comprehensive approach to explaining Chassidic concepts.

== Early Years and Childhood ==
Born in [[Lubavitch]] on Monday, [[Parshas Chayei Sarah]], 20 Cheshvan 5621. His [[birth]] was preceded by remarkable dreams experienced by his mother Rebbetzin Rivka, in which she was visited by her mother Rebbetzin Chaya Sarah and her grandfather, the [[Mitteler Rebbe]], who instructed her and the Rebbe Maharash to write a Sefer Torah and promised them a "good son."

His bris was held on 26 Kislev 5621, delayed by hora'a of the Tzemach Tzedek. He was named Shalom DovBer after his zeidim - Reb Shalom Shachna Altshuler and the Mitteler Rebbe (DovBer). The Tzemach Tzedek explained the name's inner meaning according to Chassidus at the bris.

His upsherin took place on 20 Cheshvan 5624, conducted b'tznius (privately) as per the Tzemach Tzedek's instruction. The night before, he slept in the Tzemach Tzedek's room. In the morning, the Tzemach Tzedek instructed Reb Chaim Ber Chaimson to wash the child's hands, and said birchos hashachar with him.

He entered cheder on the day of his upsherin, learning in a room adjacent to the small beis medrash near the Tzemach Tzedek. During the celebration, the Tzemach Tzedek threw candies, saying they were from Malach Michael. With pure temimus, the young Rashab wouldn't eat them until Erev Pesach when reminded.

The Rebbe Maharash testified: "My son the Rashab was never a naar. Even in his youth, he was a yerei Shamayim, organized, and worked with tremendous yegiah that his hanhaga should be b'darchei haChassidus. By his bar mitzvah, he was already a chossid with a structured avodah."

== Early Achievements ==
By age five, he showed extraordinary hasmada. At age eight, he began attending the Rebbe Maharash's maamarim, and by age nine, his father began teaching him p'nimius. Before his bar mitzvah, he was already boki in all of Tanach, Shisha Sidrei Mishna, and Shulchan Aruch.

At age 14, he knew all of Seder Nashim by heart. In 5635, he began serving as a chozer for his father the Rebbe Maharash, transcribing hanachos of the maamarim.

== Marriage ==
The shidduch between the Rebbe Rashab and his cousin Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah was suggested by his zeide the Tzemach Tzedek when he was only four years old.

Before the chasunah, following the minhag Beis HaRav, the Rebbe Maharash instructed his son to be tested and receive semicha. The Rebbe Maharash wanted the chasunah to be in Lubavitch, which he called "the Yerushalayim of golus," but due to various circumstances, it took place in Avrutch.

The chasunah was celebrated on Motzei Shabbos Parshas Teitzei, 11 Elul 5635, in Avrutch. The Rebbe Maharash himself couldn't attend due to his health but sent deep maamarim and horaos with profound significance.

== Accepting the Nesius ==
On 13 Tishrei 5643, the Rebbe Maharash was nistalek, deeply affecting the Rebbe Rashab. The process of accepting the nesius lasted approximately eleven years. A few days after the histalkus, on the second day of Sukkos, 16 Tishrei, the Rebbe Rashab delivered his first maamar beginning with "Kesser Yitnu L'cha." He said another maamar on Chanukah. These maamarim were transcribed and sent to the Chassidim, who received them with great simcha.

During the year of aveilus, the Rebbe Rashab conducted himself with unique hanhagos: He would daven in his father's room, and after davening would close the door and remain there the entire day - learning, eating, and sleeping there. He wouldn't receive anyone or respond to questions seeking eitzos. He dedicated all his time to tefillah and limud haTorah, focused on hisbodedus and inner avodah.

In 5650, he began receiving people for yechidus temporarily. On Rosh Hashanah 5654, he started davening in his father's regular place, accepting Chassidim for yechidus regularly, and responding in writing to Chassidim's she'eilos. He also began allowing his maamarim to be transcribed for hafatzah among the Chassidim.

== Public Service Activities ==
In his leadership period, he worked extensively to improve the physical and spiritual condition of Jews in general and Russian Jews in particular. He first began engaging in public service in 1880, updating his father regarding decrees against Russian Jews. In 1892, the Russian government decided to expel all Jews from Moscow. The Rebbe Rashab tried various ways to cancel the decree, but without success. However, during the decree's implementation, he ensured Moscow's Jews were settled in suitable locations.

In 1895, The Rebbe Rashab became more involved in public service, mainly strengthening Colel Chabad in Eretz Hakodesh. In 1897, he began working against the establishment of Haskalah movement schools, trying to prevent a school from being established in Lubavitch by appealing to Baron Naftali Hertz Ginzburg. After the school was established, he tried to prevent funding and launched a campaign on the matter.

In 1902, he established a weaving and spinning factory in Dubrovna to employ Jews, requesting support from the Jewish organization ICA to finance the factory.

During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), The Rebbe Rashab ensured matzos and Pesach necessities for Jewish soldiers in the Russian army. In 1905, he established a special committee for this matter. That summer, during a Colel Chabad conference, he first proposed establishing a Chabad yeshiva in Chevron. Toras Emes Yeshiva was founded several years later in 1912 in Beis Romano in Chevron.

In 1905, a rabbinical assembly was held in Vilna, where the government demanded rabbis study secular subjects. During the assembly, The Rebbe Rashab stated:

"All nations must know that only our bodies were given to exile and government subjugation, but our souls were not given to exile and government subjugation. We must declare openly that regarding our religion, Torah, mitzvos and Jewish customs, no authority or coercive force can be used against us Jews. We must declare with the strongest Jewish stubbornness, with the thousand-year-old Jewish mesiras nefesh - do not touch my anointed ones and do not harm my prophets!"

In 1910, a general rabbinical assembly was held in Petersburg by the authorities, dealing with fundamental questions about the Jewish people's physical and material condition. 42 representatives of Russian Jewish communities participated, through which government officials sought to establish regulations opposing traditional customs, primarily regarding religious rabbis' status.

During the assembly, government representatives threatened pogroms throughout the country if rabbis wouldn't compromise. The Rebbe Rashab responded:

"We are not afraid of this at all, since there is no heavenly decree for this heaven forbid"

The Rebbe Rashab took active part in the Beilis trial, establishing a special committee to defend Mendel Beilis.

== Opposition to Zionism ==
The Rebbe Rashab was among prominent Jewish leaders who opposed Zionism. He encouraged publishing the book "Or L'Yesharim" presenting gedolei Yisroel's opposition to Zionism, writing: "If heaven forbid they succeed in holding the land as they imagine, they will defile and contaminate it with their abominations and evil deeds, lengthening the exile." Initially among Agudas Yisroel's founders, he left due to its closeness to Zionism and broad emphasis on aliyah regardless of spiritual condition.

Much of his public work was done in cooperation with leading Admorim and rabbis like R' Chaim of Brisk, R' Chaim Ozer Grodzinski and the Chofetz Chaim, maintaining regular correspondence with some and occasionally meeting several of them.

== Tomchei Tmimim Yeshiva ==
"The Rebbe Rashab, besides his great holiness and righteousness as leader of Chabad chassidim, was known from his youth among Chabad maskilim as an extraordinary genius in Chabad teachings. Elder chassidim crowned The Rebbe Rashab as 'The Rambam of Chabad teachings' as every topic explained in his Chabad teachings and discourses is established halacha arranged with all reasoning and explanations properly ordered."

On Sunday 15 Elul 1897, during his son the Rayatz's sheva brachos, The Rebbe Rashab called a conference of fifty leading rabbis and wealthy individuals then in Lubavitch for the wedding, announcing his decision to establish Tomchei Tmimim Yeshiva. The yeshiva's innovation would be students' analytical study of Chassidus and following its ways. The students, called "Tmimim," would be a center of G-d-fearing, genuine heartfelt divine service. Two days later, on Tuesday 17 Elul, The Rebbe Rashab chose the first 18 students.

Three years after establishing the yeshiva, on Simchas Torah 1901, The Rebbe Rashab gave a talk to Tmimim students based on Chazal's statement "Anyone going to war for Beis Dovid writes a divorce document for his wife." He explained the Tmimim students' purpose and established additional points in their required work as soldiers of Beis Dovid.

== Health ==
The Rebbe Rashab had a weak constitution and often fell ill. Consequently, he spent much time traveling to health resorts and specialist doctors. In 1884, he first began traveling to healing places, mainly warm coastal countries. In 1886, he went to the Yalta mountains, uniquely bringing his whole family unlike other journeys.

His father the Maharash's passing broke his spirit and weakened him physically. In his twenties, he had to leave home for health resorts to be examined by top doctors and strengthen himself in restful places. Except rarely, he never took his son.

In Kislev 1891, he fell severely ill with fever for about two months. The first month he was confined to his room, emerging for prayer on 24 Teves. That summer he traveled three times (each for five days) to nearby Mazinkes village for his health. After Chanukah 1897, he had to travel to Moscow for healing. Doctors then gave him only months to live, leading him to decide to either move to Eretz Yisroel or relocate somewhere he could study Torah and serve alone.

In winter 1903, he traveled to Vienna with his son the Rayatz and met Dr. Sigmund Freud due to loss of feeling in his left hand. Freud gave The Rebbe Rashab electrical treatment and they discussed various matters. In their conversation, the Rebbe explained how to connect mind and heart so the mind could spiritually enrich the heart.

== End of Life ==

====== Move to Rostov ======
In Cheshvan 5676 (1915), the Rebbe Rashab left Lubavitch and moved to Rostov due to World War I.

== Passing ==
In winter 5680 (1920), the Bolsheviks captured Rostov after a long civil war. Due to dangerous roads and the occupation, the court diminished and the Rebbe requested people not come. Prayers and maamarim were conducted with minimal minyanim.

At the end of Adar, the Rebbe Rashab fell ill. On Motzei Shabbos, the eve of 2 Nissan 5680 (1920) at 4am, it was clear these were his final moments. His eyes closed in dveikus and his breathing weakened. The Frierdiker Rebbe cried out "Tatte! Tatte!" several times. When he stopped breathing and the Frierdiker Rebbe called out again, the Rebbe opened his eyes, looked at him, and two tears fell from his holy eyes before closing again. The Rebbe Rashab straightened his head, arranged his hands and feet, and his holy soul ascended in holiness and purity.

After the passing, the Chevra Kadisha called some Anash to choose an appropriate burial place. R' Moshe Dober Rivkin, R' Shmuel Gurary, R' Nosson Gurary, R' Tzvi Hirsh Gurary, R' Zalman Havlin, and R' Y. Levin decided to bury him near the shamash's house. The Frierdiker Rebbe came and approved the location.

The elders and respected Anash performed the tahara. They reported that the Rebbe Rashab's holy face maintained vitality throughout, with a slight smile on his lips. A burial coffin was built from the bima boards of the beis medrash and the Rebbe Rashab's shtender. Besides shrouds, he was wrapped in the Shabbos tallis he prayed with in his final days.

All Rostov Jews participated in the funeral. Before burial, the Frierdiker Rebbe designated R' Avrohom Boruch Pozner, R' Eliezer Krasik and another chossid as a special beis din, stating the burial was conditional and he retained rights to transfer the holy remains to his ancestors' graves in Lubavitch. An ohel was erected over the Rebbe Rashab's grave.

== Moving the Ohel ==
In winter 5699 (1939), Rostov authorities planned to destroy the cemetery to build new buildings. The chassidim decided to move the ohel to another cemetery on Takucheva Street 155. The Frierdiker Rebbe approved the transfer. Instructions for handling the holy remains came from R' Levi Yitzchok Schneerson (the Rebbe's father).

The actual transfer took place in Adar 5700 (1940) by a minyan of chassidim including: R' Tzemach Kutman, R' Mendel Kantor (the Rebbe's attendant), R' Moshe Wolf Labak, R' Nachman Lokshin, R' Avrohom Katznelson, R' Yona Eidelkop, and R' Chaim Yisroel Epstein. No monument was erected at the new cemetery. The marker for the Rebbe Rashab's resting place was a tree at his head and a mound of earth. To prevent others from being buried next to the Rebbe, the chassidim made six additional earth mounds as if others were buried there.

In 5749 (1989), with the Rebbe's approval, the monument and fence were erected by R' Dovid Nachshon and R' Avi Taub.

After the passing, his only son, the Frierdiker Rebbe, assumed leadership.

== His Shluchim in Russia ==
The Rebbe Rashab sent mature or married Tomchei Tmimim graduates as his shluchim to Russian communities to strengthen Yiddishkeit.

== His Shluchim to Sefardic Jews ==
The Rebbe Rashab worked among Sefardic Jews through shluchim:

* Georgia - sent R' Shmuel Levitin, R' Avrohom Levi Slavin and others
* Bukhara - sent R' Shlomo Yehuda Leib Eliezrov and R' Avrohom Chaim Naeh to Samarkand
* Caucasus - sent R' Shemaryahu Sasonkin

== His Picture ==
The Rebbe Rashab was particular about not being photographed. The only time he agreed was in 5680 (1920), near his passing, when there were plans for the Rebbe and family to travel from Rostov. For passport purposes he was photographed, which is the known picture of him.

The Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka noted the picture didn't capture his true appearance. Therefore R' Nachum Yitzchok Kaplan drew the Rebbe Rashab's likeness from memory wearing a shtreimel. After the Rebbetzin's corrections, she expressed satisfaction.

In 5780 (2020), a new picture was discovered with Hebrew writing "Rabbi Shalom Dober Schneerson 5668" and in Russian "Moscow 1908". Discussion arose whether it was indeed the Rebbe Rashab or a relative.

== His Nigunim ==

# Min Hametzar - on verses before shofar blowing on Rosh Hashanah
# Brochos Before Tekios - on blessings before shofar blowing
# Verses After Tekios - on verses after shofar blowing
# Rostov Nigun - sung during his time in Rostov
# Preparation for 4 Bavos - nigun beloved to him, sung as preparation for the 4 Bavos nigun

== His Seforim ==

# Igros Kodesh - his letters, published in six volumes
# B'Shaah Shehikdimu 5672 - long hemshech explaining core Chassidic concepts
# Sefer HaMaamarim - series of his maamarim during his leadership
# Sefer HaSichos Toras Shalom - his sichos from farbrengens during holidays
# Hagahos on Posach Eliyahu - 5658
# Kuntreisim:
#* Chanoch L'Naar - his first will
#* Kuntres U'Maayan - series on the posuk "U'maayan m'beis Hashem"
#* Kuntres HaTefillah - extensive explanation on prayer
#* Kuntres Eitz HaChaim - written for Tomchei Tmimim students
#* Kuntres HaAvodah - for Tmimim on proper avodas Hashem Also wrote an article for Ohr L'Yesharim

== His Family ==

* His only son, R' Yosef Yitzchok - the Frierdiker Rebbe
* Granddaughter Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka, the Rebbe's wife
* Granddaughter Chana Gurary
* Granddaughter Sheina Horenstein

== Further Reading ==

====== Early Years ======

* Secret meeting in the Tzemach Tzedek's holy room - Beis Moshiach magazine Kislev 5781
* The early years, childhood period - Kfar Chabad 1882
* Rebbe Rashab's tenaim - Beis Moshiach 206
* R' Zalman Hertzel on the Rebbe Rashab and Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah's wedding

== Accepting Leadership ==

* R' Menachem Ziegelboim on Rebbe Rashab accepting leadership - Beis Moshiach 595

== Passing ==

* R' Moshe Dober Rivkin's "Ishkavta D'Rebbi" - Documentation of final illness, passing and funeral
* R' Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad Community in Rostov - Beis Moshiach 595
* The Mashpia Who Never Returned - Passing account by R' Avrohom Boruch Pozner
* Passing and Ohel of Rebbe Rashab - Beis Moshiach 273
* Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah's letter to R' Shmuel Bezpalov about the passing
* Passing and funeral of Rebbe Rashab - Lev Ha'Ari
* R' Shneur Zalman Berger - Documentation of moving Rebbe Rashab's Ohel
* R' Menachem Ziegelboim's "Estalak Yekara" - Stories of Chabad Rebbes' passing
* R' Elishiv Kaplan's "Inside the Exile" - Jewish community in Rostov

[[he:רבי שלום דובער שניאורסון (אדמו"ר הרש"ב)]]

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2025-02-11T17:39:00Z

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The Holocaust

2025-02-11T16:46:11Z

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[[File:גטו לודז.jpg|thumb|Lodz Ghetto]]
'''The Holocaust''' was the genocide of the Jewish people carried out during World War II, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered Al [[Kiddush Hashem]] (sanctifying G-d's name). The Holocaust began in [[Elul]] [[5699]] (1939) and ended in early spring [[5705]] (1945) with the defeat of Nazi [[Germany]] in the war. Thousands of Chabad chassidim perished in the Holocaust, and afterward, most of the chassidim left the [[Soviet Union]] through Lvov and arrived at displaced persons camps throughout [[Europe]]. Most chassidim stayed in the [[Pocking camp]] in Germany, and from there, under the guidance of the [[Frierdiker Rebbe]], they continued on to [[Eretz HaKodesh]], the [[United States]], and other locations.

== The Holocaust Period ==
[[File:שואה 1.png|thumb|A famous picture from the holocaust during the liquidation of the ghetto uprising [[Warsaw]]]]
[[The Chabad Rebbes]], communities, and yeshivas were in Nazi-occupied areas and war zones. While many perished, there were also survivors. During and after the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim relocated, completely changing the geographic map of Chabad communities:

Before the Holocaust - Most Chabad chassidim lived in the Soviet Union, with important communities in [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Eretz Yisroel|Eretz HaKodesh,]] and [[the United States]].

After the Holocaust and exodus from [[Russia]] - Few chassidim remained in the Soviet Union, and the communities in Poland were almost completely destroyed. In the following years, chassidim settled in displaced persons camps and from there moved to Eretz HaKodesh, France, the United States, and other countries.

The Chabad researcher R' Shneur Zalman Berger, who documented Chabad's Holocaust history (series), summarized the tragic results among Chabad chassidim during the Holocaust: "The majority of Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia – thousands of families – were murdered by the Nazis. Many more Chabad chassidim in the Soviet Union were also killed. Some were murdered by the Nazis in conquered cities, some fell fighting on the battlefield, and many died from disease, hunger, and cold."

== The Frierdiker Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
In 5693 (1933), the Frierdiker Rebbe moved from Riga to Warsaw, Poland, and in 5695 (1935), due to his health condition and doctors' advice, he moved to the town of Otwock where Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim was located.

In Elul 5699 (1939), several days after the outbreak of World War II and the Nazi invasion of Poland, he left Otwock and went to Warsaw, where he had to flee from house to house due to German bombardments. After the Nazis conquered Warsaw, he stayed in the home of the chassid Rabbi Yechiel Tzvi Gourary.

During this period, false reports circulated that the Nazis had captured and executed the Frierdiker Rebbe. When the mistake was discovered, retraction notices were published in the press announcing that "His Holy Honor the Rebbe of Lubavitch shlita is healthy and well."

== Saving Jews ==
After arriving in the United States, the Frierdiker Rebbe immediately began working to save Jews from all backgrounds and countries. This activity involved members of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the United States and additional Chabad askanim worldwide.

He:

* Worked and succeeded in rescuing his son-in-law the Rebbe and daughter [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka]]
* Attempted to rescue his son-in-law Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Horenstein]] and daughter Rebbetzin Sheina HY"D
* Made great efforts to rescue as many Tmimim and chassidim as possible from burning Europe
* Ensured the rescue of several important Jewish leaders of that period, including the Rebbe Rabbi Aharon Rokeach of Belz and the Imrei Emes of Ger
* Worked to provide assistance to many Jews who faced hardship due to the war, which caused distress, shortages, and severe economic problems worldwide
* Conducted special rescue operations through Chabad Rabbanim and askanim in Sweden - Rabbi Yaakov Yisroel Zuber and Rabbi Yisroel Chesdan. Documentation of these activities are scattered throughout the Frierdiker Rebbe's Igros Kodesh and some were collected in the book Chasdei Yisroel in chapters dealing with rescue during the Holocaust period
* In addition to operational activities, the Frierdiker Rebbe worked to inspire American Jews to do teshuvah for the merit of their brothers suffering from Nazi persecution, and composed special prayers to arouse mercy for the Jewish people and for the merit of U.S. military personnel and leaders fighting for humanity

== The Military Service Department ==
The Department for Military Service Workers was founded during the Holocaust by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch in partnership with the Machne Israel organization. This department worked in various ways to inspire Yiddishkeit among Jewish soldiers serving in the U.S. military by sending religious articles, study books, Jewish reading materials, letters of encouragement from the Frierdiker Rebbe, holiday information booklets and more. The Rebbe MH"M headed all these activities.

== Messages to Soldiers ==
The department, under the Rebbe's management, produced special "Message" booklets for soldiers and also sent them holiday booklets produced by [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]]. These booklets contained messages that were igros from the Frierdiker Rebbe and content adapted from his words. The booklets also included igros and words from the Rebbe. The booklets received prominent publicity in the [[Kovetz Lubavitch]] publications.

The booklet also contained the first paragraph of Krias Shema and several chapters of [[Tehillim]]. This booklet included a letter from the Rebbe containing his father-in-law the Frierdiker Rebbe's words about the obligation to put on tefillin.

== Reviews and Publication ==
Special reviews of activities with soldiers and the booklets were published several times over the years, including in: Sefer Toldos Chabad in the United States and Yemei Melech.

The book Yemei Breishis presents photographs of the Message booklets and includes the Rebbe's words from 1950 to a soldier about the booklets for soldiers.

== The Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
When Hitler ימ"ש rose to power, the Rebbe spent several months in Germany. After antisemitism intensified, the Rebbe moved to Paris, France in 1933.

At the beginning of the war, the Rebbe cared for the city's Jews as well as refugees who arrived from other places, and worked to lift the spirits of the local Jews. From the known stories about the Rebbe's activities in the area, we know about his assistance to refugees entering hotels. Hotel managers did not want to admit refugees to their hotels for fear they wouldn't pay, since the refugees had no money. Therefore, hotel managers decided not to admit anyone who didn't possess property worth one hundred dollars. The Rebbe would circulate with such a bill and bring it to Jews who needed to enter hotels, and after they succeeded in getting a room, he would take the bill and pass it to additional Jews.

Additionally, it is known that the Rebbe was very particular about not being considered non-Jewish. As Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka related, during the registration conducted by the Nazis ימ"ש for French citizens, the Rebbe was not present at home. When he returned, she told him that she had answered the representative's question about the residents' religion with "Orthodox" (a response that could be interpreted as not necessarily referring to Jews). When the Rebbe heard this, he immediately went with mesiras nefesh to the office responsible for registration and ensured they would be registered specifically as Jews and not just as "Orthodox." All this during the height of the war.

== Chabad Chassidim in the Holocaust ==
Many Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia perished in the Holocaust, in ghettos, death camps, and killing valleys.

Poland - The largest Chabad community before the Holocaust was in Warsaw and Otwock. Small communities and yeshivas existed in several Polish cities like Lodz. The majority of chassidim and Tmimim were murdered. However, dozens of students from Tomchei Tmimim yeshivas in Poland managed to escape to Lithuania and from there to Shanghai, China. They remained there during the Holocaust.

Lithuania - In Vilna and other cities, there were Chabad communities and yeshivas before the Holocaust. Most of Anash and Tmimim were murdered in the Holocaust.

Latvia - In Riga there was a large community with Chabad synagogues. There were other communities throughout Latvia. Chassidim and Tmimim were murdered with few survivors.

Soviet Union - Many Chabad chassidim lived for several generations in the cities and towns of Greater Russia-Soviet Union, and large and small communities developed throughout the country, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

In summer 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union and many Jews, including Chabad chassidim, fled from the front areas. Many of the refugees settled in Tashkent and Samarkand in Uzbekistan and thus survived the Holocaust.

Russia - The central Chabad communities in Moscow and Leningrad suffered heavy bombardment and many Chabad chassidim perished in the war events.

Ukraine - The Nazis conquered an important part of Ukraine, and many Chabad chassidim were murdered.

In summary: Most Soviet Jews and thus most Chabad chassidim remained in Nazi-occupied areas and were murdered during the Holocaust. HY"D.

== After the Holocaust ==

== The Exodus from Russia ==
After the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim who survived the war events and Holocaust left the Soviet Union for Poland, exiting Russia through Lvov.

From Lvov they continued to various regions in Eastern Europe until they moved to Western Europe under American control and arrived at displaced persons camps in Germany and Austria. Most Anash settled in the Pocking DP camp in Germany and others in additional DP camps.

The Jews who gathered in DP camps received material and spiritual assistance from the Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe, who ensured that chassidim would circulate and awaken the Jewish spirit among the Jews there.

The Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe sent them books and religious articles, as well as minimal kosher food, which they couldn't obtain in the poor conditions that prevailed in the camps.

The activities spread across many areas, and many Jews' Judaism was saved thanks to these activities.

== Encouragement to Holocaust Survivors ==
Following the Holocaust, the spirits of many survivors and people who lived through the Holocaust's pain fell, and some ceased observing Torah and mitzvos, lo aleinu.

The Rebbe's response to these people is known through a mashal, to a person entering surgery. That person, who understands nothing about medicine, will try to understand the doctors' actions. But when one of the doctors raises his hand to take the knife, that person will burst out and try to prevent the surgery. "How is it possible" - he will shout - "this knife will not only not add to the person's health, but might even kill him and end his already difficult life."

Everyone understands, the Rebbe continues explaining the mashal's point, that this knife is what will save the person now lying on the operating table. It's inconceivable to say the doctor acts out of recklessness and disregard for the patient's actions. So too here, although we don't understand the Holocaust, and we resemble that person trying to understand the doctor's actions. But just as in the mashal, it's clear the doctor knows what he's doing and we trust him, so too Hashem made the Holocaust. We don't know why, but we shouldn't draw negative conclusions from this.

== The Rebbe's Attitude Towards Holocaust Martyrs ==
Since the Holocaust, the Rebbe treated the victims and survivors with respect. When other groups tried to present the Holocaust as punishment from Hashem for undesirable behavior, the Rebbe strongly rejected such approaches and said the Holocaust should not be seen as punishment or tikun, and its reason is indeed not understood. In winter 1991, the Rebbe cried out about this in particularly sharp sichos, in which he gave a deep perspective on the Holocaust martyrs.

The Rebbe also addressed claims that the victims should not be considered martyrs who sanctified Hashem's name, since the murderers also killed assimilated Jews and apostates. He noted that outside Germany, there were those who converted and were saved. Thus, anyone killed in the Holocaust sanctified Hashem's name through their death.

In a booklet about the Three Weeks that the Rebbe published during the Holocaust, the Rebbe directly connects the Jewish people's conduct to their suffering and expresses that "the Jewish people are now in the midst of their greatest suffering," and encourages the children reading the booklet to return to Hashem, in accordance with the Frierdiker Rebbe's call that these events are the birth pangs of Moshiach and echoing his call for immediate teshuvah, immediate redemption.

== Chabad in the Holocaust ==
Extended article - '''Chabad in the Holocaust (Series)'''

'''Chabad in the Holocaust''' is a series of fifty-five articles containing historical documentation about the Chabad Chassidic movement during the Holocaust period. The articles were written by author Shneur Zalman Berger and published over several years in the Beis Moshiach weekly.

The series began publication in 2005 marking sixty years since the end of the war and was completed in 2009.

== Further Reading ==

* Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad in the Holocaust - (Series) published in Beis Moshiach 2005-2009
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Soviet Russia
* These are the Chronicles of Peretz - Chabad in Leningrad and Tashkent during the Holocaust
* Menachem Zigelboim, Memories of R' Mule - Holocaust memories - Siege of Leningrad, wanderings, Tashkent, exile
* Shneur Zalman Berger, The Partisan - R' Zusha Wilmowsky and R' Dovid Gershowitz - partisans in the Bielski unit
* Hillel Zaltzman, Samarkand - Chabad refugees in Samarkand
* Naftali Tzvi Gottlieb, Judaism of Silence, Chapters of Chassidic Life under Communist and Nazi oppression

== See Also ==

* Immediate Teshuvah, Immediate Redemption
* Prayers During the Holocaust from the Frierdiker Rebbe
* The Exodus from Russia 1946
* The Holocaust of Lubavitch
* Lubavitch Ghetto
* Kovno Ghetto
* Holocaust Remembrance Day

==External links==
*'''[https://chabadinfo.com/tag/holocaust/ Tag: the holocaust]''', Chabad Info
*'''[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/332485/jewish/The-Holocaust.htm The Holocaust]''', chabad.org

[[he:השואה]]
[[Category:World War II]]

The Holocaust

2025-02-11T16:45:41Z

להתראות:

[[File:גטו לודז.png|thumb|Lodz Ghetto]]
'''The Holocaust''' was the genocide of the Jewish people carried out during World War II, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered Al [[Kiddush Hashem]] (sanctifying G-d's name). The Holocaust began in [[Elul]] [[5699]] (1939) and ended in early spring [[5705]] (1945) with the defeat of Nazi [[Germany]] in the war. Thousands of Chabad chassidim perished in the Holocaust, and afterward, most of the chassidim left the [[Soviet Union]] through Lvov and arrived at displaced persons camps throughout [[Europe]]. Most chassidim stayed in the [[Pocking camp]] in Germany, and from there, under the guidance of the [[Frierdiker Rebbe]], they continued on to [[Eretz HaKodesh]], the [[United States]], and other locations.

== The Holocaust Period ==
[[File:שואה 1.png|thumb|A famous picture from the holocaust during the liquidation of the ghetto uprising [[Warsaw]]]]
[[The Chabad Rebbes]], communities, and yeshivas were in Nazi-occupied areas and war zones. While many perished, there were also survivors. During and after the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim relocated, completely changing the geographic map of Chabad communities:

Before the Holocaust - Most Chabad chassidim lived in the Soviet Union, with important communities in [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Eretz Yisroel|Eretz HaKodesh,]] and [[the United States]].

After the Holocaust and exodus from [[Russia]] - Few chassidim remained in the Soviet Union, and the communities in Poland were almost completely destroyed. In the following years, chassidim settled in displaced persons camps and from there moved to Eretz HaKodesh, France, the United States, and other countries.

The Chabad researcher R' Shneur Zalman Berger, who documented Chabad's Holocaust history (series), summarized the tragic results among Chabad chassidim during the Holocaust: "The majority of Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia – thousands of families – were murdered by the Nazis. Many more Chabad chassidim in the Soviet Union were also killed. Some were murdered by the Nazis in conquered cities, some fell fighting on the battlefield, and many died from disease, hunger, and cold."

== The Frierdiker Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
In 5693 (1933), the Frierdiker Rebbe moved from Riga to Warsaw, Poland, and in 5695 (1935), due to his health condition and doctors' advice, he moved to the town of Otwock where Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim was located.

In Elul 5699 (1939), several days after the outbreak of World War II and the Nazi invasion of Poland, he left Otwock and went to Warsaw, where he had to flee from house to house due to German bombardments. After the Nazis conquered Warsaw, he stayed in the home of the chassid Rabbi Yechiel Tzvi Gourary.

During this period, false reports circulated that the Nazis had captured and executed the Frierdiker Rebbe. When the mistake was discovered, retraction notices were published in the press announcing that "His Holy Honor the Rebbe of Lubavitch shlita is healthy and well."

== Saving Jews ==
After arriving in the United States, the Frierdiker Rebbe immediately began working to save Jews from all backgrounds and countries. This activity involved members of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the United States and additional Chabad askanim worldwide.

He:

* Worked and succeeded in rescuing his son-in-law the Rebbe and daughter [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka]]
* Attempted to rescue his son-in-law Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Horenstein]] and daughter Rebbetzin Sheina HY"D
* Made great efforts to rescue as many Tmimim and chassidim as possible from burning Europe
* Ensured the rescue of several important Jewish leaders of that period, including the Rebbe Rabbi Aharon Rokeach of Belz and the Imrei Emes of Ger
* Worked to provide assistance to many Jews who faced hardship due to the war, which caused distress, shortages, and severe economic problems worldwide
* Conducted special rescue operations through Chabad Rabbanim and askanim in Sweden - Rabbi Yaakov Yisroel Zuber and Rabbi Yisroel Chesdan. Documentation of these activities are scattered throughout the Frierdiker Rebbe's Igros Kodesh and some were collected in the book Chasdei Yisroel in chapters dealing with rescue during the Holocaust period
* In addition to operational activities, the Frierdiker Rebbe worked to inspire American Jews to do teshuvah for the merit of their brothers suffering from Nazi persecution, and composed special prayers to arouse mercy for the Jewish people and for the merit of U.S. military personnel and leaders fighting for humanity

== The Military Service Department ==
The Department for Military Service Workers was founded during the Holocaust by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch in partnership with the Machne Israel organization. This department worked in various ways to inspire Yiddishkeit among Jewish soldiers serving in the U.S. military by sending religious articles, study books, Jewish reading materials, letters of encouragement from the Frierdiker Rebbe, holiday information booklets and more. The Rebbe MH"M headed all these activities.

== Messages to Soldiers ==
The department, under the Rebbe's management, produced special "Message" booklets for soldiers and also sent them holiday booklets produced by [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]]. These booklets contained messages that were igros from the Frierdiker Rebbe and content adapted from his words. The booklets also included igros and words from the Rebbe. The booklets received prominent publicity in the [[Kovetz Lubavitch]] publications.

The booklet also contained the first paragraph of Krias Shema and several chapters of [[Tehillim]]. This booklet included a letter from the Rebbe containing his father-in-law the Frierdiker Rebbe's words about the obligation to put on tefillin.

== Reviews and Publication ==
Special reviews of activities with soldiers and the booklets were published several times over the years, including in: Sefer Toldos Chabad in the United States and Yemei Melech.

The book Yemei Breishis presents photographs of the Message booklets and includes the Rebbe's words from 1950 to a soldier about the booklets for soldiers.

== The Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
When Hitler ימ"ש rose to power, the Rebbe spent several months in Germany. After antisemitism intensified, the Rebbe moved to Paris, France in 1933.

At the beginning of the war, the Rebbe cared for the city's Jews as well as refugees who arrived from other places, and worked to lift the spirits of the local Jews. From the known stories about the Rebbe's activities in the area, we know about his assistance to refugees entering hotels. Hotel managers did not want to admit refugees to their hotels for fear they wouldn't pay, since the refugees had no money. Therefore, hotel managers decided not to admit anyone who didn't possess property worth one hundred dollars. The Rebbe would circulate with such a bill and bring it to Jews who needed to enter hotels, and after they succeeded in getting a room, he would take the bill and pass it to additional Jews.

Additionally, it is known that the Rebbe was very particular about not being considered non-Jewish. As Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka related, during the registration conducted by the Nazis ימ"ש for French citizens, the Rebbe was not present at home. When he returned, she told him that she had answered the representative's question about the residents' religion with "Orthodox" (a response that could be interpreted as not necessarily referring to Jews). When the Rebbe heard this, he immediately went with mesiras nefesh to the office responsible for registration and ensured they would be registered specifically as Jews and not just as "Orthodox." All this during the height of the war.

== Chabad Chassidim in the Holocaust ==
Many Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia perished in the Holocaust, in ghettos, death camps, and killing valleys.

Poland - The largest Chabad community before the Holocaust was in Warsaw and Otwock. Small communities and yeshivas existed in several Polish cities like Lodz. The majority of chassidim and Tmimim were murdered. However, dozens of students from Tomchei Tmimim yeshivas in Poland managed to escape to Lithuania and from there to Shanghai, China. They remained there during the Holocaust.

Lithuania - In Vilna and other cities, there were Chabad communities and yeshivas before the Holocaust. Most of Anash and Tmimim were murdered in the Holocaust.

Latvia - In Riga there was a large community with Chabad synagogues. There were other communities throughout Latvia. Chassidim and Tmimim were murdered with few survivors.

Soviet Union - Many Chabad chassidim lived for several generations in the cities and towns of Greater Russia-Soviet Union, and large and small communities developed throughout the country, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

In summer 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union and many Jews, including Chabad chassidim, fled from the front areas. Many of the refugees settled in Tashkent and Samarkand in Uzbekistan and thus survived the Holocaust.

Russia - The central Chabad communities in Moscow and Leningrad suffered heavy bombardment and many Chabad chassidim perished in the war events.

Ukraine - The Nazis conquered an important part of Ukraine, and many Chabad chassidim were murdered.

In summary: Most Soviet Jews and thus most Chabad chassidim remained in Nazi-occupied areas and were murdered during the Holocaust. HY"D.

== After the Holocaust ==

== The Exodus from Russia ==
After the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim who survived the war events and Holocaust left the Soviet Union for Poland, exiting Russia through Lvov.

From Lvov they continued to various regions in Eastern Europe until they moved to Western Europe under American control and arrived at displaced persons camps in Germany and Austria. Most Anash settled in the Pocking DP camp in Germany and others in additional DP camps.

The Jews who gathered in DP camps received material and spiritual assistance from the Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe, who ensured that chassidim would circulate and awaken the Jewish spirit among the Jews there.

The Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe sent them books and religious articles, as well as minimal kosher food, which they couldn't obtain in the poor conditions that prevailed in the camps.

The activities spread across many areas, and many Jews' Judaism was saved thanks to these activities.

== Encouragement to Holocaust Survivors ==
Following the Holocaust, the spirits of many survivors and people who lived through the Holocaust's pain fell, and some ceased observing Torah and mitzvos, lo aleinu.

The Rebbe's response to these people is known through a mashal, to a person entering surgery. That person, who understands nothing about medicine, will try to understand the doctors' actions. But when one of the doctors raises his hand to take the knife, that person will burst out and try to prevent the surgery. "How is it possible" - he will shout - "this knife will not only not add to the person's health, but might even kill him and end his already difficult life."

Everyone understands, the Rebbe continues explaining the mashal's point, that this knife is what will save the person now lying on the operating table. It's inconceivable to say the doctor acts out of recklessness and disregard for the patient's actions. So too here, although we don't understand the Holocaust, and we resemble that person trying to understand the doctor's actions. But just as in the mashal, it's clear the doctor knows what he's doing and we trust him, so too Hashem made the Holocaust. We don't know why, but we shouldn't draw negative conclusions from this.

== The Rebbe's Attitude Towards Holocaust Martyrs ==
Since the Holocaust, the Rebbe treated the victims and survivors with respect. When other groups tried to present the Holocaust as punishment from Hashem for undesirable behavior, the Rebbe strongly rejected such approaches and said the Holocaust should not be seen as punishment or tikun, and its reason is indeed not understood. In winter 1991, the Rebbe cried out about this in particularly sharp sichos, in which he gave a deep perspective on the Holocaust martyrs.

The Rebbe also addressed claims that the victims should not be considered martyrs who sanctified Hashem's name, since the murderers also killed assimilated Jews and apostates. He noted that outside Germany, there were those who converted and were saved. Thus, anyone killed in the Holocaust sanctified Hashem's name through their death.

In a booklet about the Three Weeks that the Rebbe published during the Holocaust, the Rebbe directly connects the Jewish people's conduct to their suffering and expresses that "the Jewish people are now in the midst of their greatest suffering," and encourages the children reading the booklet to return to Hashem, in accordance with the Frierdiker Rebbe's call that these events are the birth pangs of Moshiach and echoing his call for immediate teshuvah, immediate redemption.

== Chabad in the Holocaust ==
Extended article - '''Chabad in the Holocaust (Series)'''

'''Chabad in the Holocaust''' is a series of fifty-five articles containing historical documentation about the Chabad Chassidic movement during the Holocaust period. The articles were written by author Shneur Zalman Berger and published over several years in the Beis Moshiach weekly.

The series began publication in 2005 marking sixty years since the end of the war and was completed in 2009.

== Further Reading ==

* Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad in the Holocaust - (Series) published in Beis Moshiach 2005-2009
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Soviet Russia
* These are the Chronicles of Peretz - Chabad in Leningrad and Tashkent during the Holocaust
* Menachem Zigelboim, Memories of R' Mule - Holocaust memories - Siege of Leningrad, wanderings, Tashkent, exile
* Shneur Zalman Berger, The Partisan - R' Zusha Wilmowsky and R' Dovid Gershowitz - partisans in the Bielski unit
* Hillel Zaltzman, Samarkand - Chabad refugees in Samarkand
* Naftali Tzvi Gottlieb, Judaism of Silence, Chapters of Chassidic Life under Communist and Nazi oppression

== See Also ==

* Immediate Teshuvah, Immediate Redemption
* Prayers During the Holocaust from the Frierdiker Rebbe
* The Exodus from Russia 1946
* The Holocaust of Lubavitch
* Lubavitch Ghetto
* Kovno Ghetto
* Holocaust Remembrance Day

==External links==
*'''[https://chabadinfo.com/tag/holocaust/ Tag: the holocaust]''', Chabad Info
*'''[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/332485/jewish/The-Holocaust.htm The Holocaust]''', chabad.org

[[he:השואה]]
[[Category:World War II]]

The Holocaust

2025-02-11T16:43:51Z

להתראות:

[[קובץ:גטו לודז.jpg|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|Lodz Ghetto]]
'''The Holocaust''' was the genocide of the Jewish people carried out during World War II, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered Al [[Kiddush Hashem]] (sanctifying G-d's name). The Holocaust began in [[Elul]] [[5699]] (1939) and ended in early spring [[5705]] (1945) with the defeat of Nazi [[Germany]] in the war. Thousands of Chabad chassidim perished in the Holocaust, and afterward, most of the chassidim left the [[Soviet Union]] through Lvov and arrived at displaced persons camps throughout [[Europe]]. Most chassidim stayed in the [[Pocking camp]] in Germany, and from there, under the guidance of the [[Frierdiker Rebbe]], they continued on to [[Eretz HaKodesh]], the [[United States]], and other locations.

== The Holocaust Period ==
[[קובץ:שואה 1.png|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|A famous picture from the holocaust during the liquidation of the ghetto uprising [[Warsaw]]]]
[[The Chabad Rebbes]], communities, and yeshivas were in Nazi-occupied areas and war zones. While many perished, there were also survivors. During and after the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim relocated, completely changing the geographic map of Chabad communities:

Before the Holocaust - Most Chabad chassidim lived in the Soviet Union, with important communities in [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Eretz Yisroel|Eretz HaKodesh,]] and [[the United States]].

After the Holocaust and exodus from [[Russia]] - Few chassidim remained in the Soviet Union, and the communities in Poland were almost completely destroyed. In the following years, chassidim settled in displaced persons camps and from there moved to Eretz HaKodesh, France, the United States, and other countries.

The Chabad researcher R' Shneur Zalman Berger, who documented Chabad's Holocaust history (series), summarized the tragic results among Chabad chassidim during the Holocaust: "The majority of Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia – thousands of families – were murdered by the Nazis. Many more Chabad chassidim in the Soviet Union were also killed. Some were murdered by the Nazis in conquered cities, some fell fighting on the battlefield, and many died from disease, hunger, and cold."

== The Frierdiker Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
In 5693 (1933), the Frierdiker Rebbe moved from Riga to Warsaw, Poland, and in 5695 (1935), due to his health condition and doctors' advice, he moved to the town of Otwock where Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim was located.

In Elul 5699 (1939), several days after the outbreak of World War II and the Nazi invasion of Poland, he left Otwock and went to Warsaw, where he had to flee from house to house due to German bombardments. After the Nazis conquered Warsaw, he stayed in the home of the chassid Rabbi Yechiel Tzvi Gourary.

During this period, false reports circulated that the Nazis had captured and executed the Frierdiker Rebbe. When the mistake was discovered, retraction notices were published in the press announcing that "His Holy Honor the Rebbe of Lubavitch shlita is healthy and well."

== Saving Jews ==
After arriving in the United States, the Frierdiker Rebbe immediately began working to save Jews from all backgrounds and countries. This activity involved members of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the United States and additional Chabad askanim worldwide.

He:

* Worked and succeeded in rescuing his son-in-law the Rebbe and daughter [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka]]
* Attempted to rescue his son-in-law Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Horenstein]] and daughter Rebbetzin Sheina HY"D
* Made great efforts to rescue as many Tmimim and chassidim as possible from burning Europe
* Ensured the rescue of several important Jewish leaders of that period, including the Rebbe Rabbi Aharon Rokeach of Belz and the Imrei Emes of Ger
* Worked to provide assistance to many Jews who faced hardship due to the war, which caused distress, shortages, and severe economic problems worldwide
* Conducted special rescue operations through Chabad Rabbanim and askanim in Sweden - Rabbi Yaakov Yisroel Zuber and Rabbi Yisroel Chesdan. Documentation of these activities are scattered throughout the Frierdiker Rebbe's Igros Kodesh and some were collected in the book Chasdei Yisroel in chapters dealing with rescue during the Holocaust period
* In addition to operational activities, the Frierdiker Rebbe worked to inspire American Jews to do teshuvah for the merit of their brothers suffering from Nazi persecution, and composed special prayers to arouse mercy for the Jewish people and for the merit of U.S. military personnel and leaders fighting for humanity

== The Military Service Department ==
The Department for Military Service Workers was founded during the Holocaust by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch in partnership with the Machne Israel organization. This department worked in various ways to inspire Yiddishkeit among Jewish soldiers serving in the U.S. military by sending religious articles, study books, Jewish reading materials, letters of encouragement from the Frierdiker Rebbe, holiday information booklets and more. The Rebbe MH"M headed all these activities.

== Messages to Soldiers ==
The department, under the Rebbe's management, produced special "Message" booklets for soldiers and also sent them holiday booklets produced by [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]]. These booklets contained messages that were igros from the Frierdiker Rebbe and content adapted from his words. The booklets also included igros and words from the Rebbe. The booklets received prominent publicity in the [[Kovetz Lubavitch]] publications.

The booklet also contained the first paragraph of Krias Shema and several chapters of [[Tehillim]]. This booklet included a letter from the Rebbe containing his father-in-law the Frierdiker Rebbe's words about the obligation to put on tefillin.

== Reviews and Publication ==
Special reviews of activities with soldiers and the booklets were published several times over the years, including in: Sefer Toldos Chabad in the United States and Yemei Melech.

The book Yemei Breishis presents photographs of the Message booklets and includes the Rebbe's words from 1950 to a soldier about the booklets for soldiers.

== The Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
When Hitler ימ"ש rose to power, the Rebbe spent several months in Germany. After antisemitism intensified, the Rebbe moved to Paris, France in 1933.

At the beginning of the war, the Rebbe cared for the city's Jews as well as refugees who arrived from other places, and worked to lift the spirits of the local Jews. From the known stories about the Rebbe's activities in the area, we know about his assistance to refugees entering hotels. Hotel managers did not want to admit refugees to their hotels for fear they wouldn't pay, since the refugees had no money. Therefore, hotel managers decided not to admit anyone who didn't possess property worth one hundred dollars. The Rebbe would circulate with such a bill and bring it to Jews who needed to enter hotels, and after they succeeded in getting a room, he would take the bill and pass it to additional Jews.

Additionally, it is known that the Rebbe was very particular about not being considered non-Jewish. As Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka related, during the registration conducted by the Nazis ימ"ש for French citizens, the Rebbe was not present at home. When he returned, she told him that she had answered the representative's question about the residents' religion with "Orthodox" (a response that could be interpreted as not necessarily referring to Jews). When the Rebbe heard this, he immediately went with mesiras nefesh to the office responsible for registration and ensured they would be registered specifically as Jews and not just as "Orthodox." All this during the height of the war.

== Chabad Chassidim in the Holocaust ==
Many Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia perished in the Holocaust, in ghettos, death camps, and killing valleys.

Poland - The largest Chabad community before the Holocaust was in Warsaw and Otwock. Small communities and yeshivas existed in several Polish cities like Lodz. The majority of chassidim and Tmimim were murdered. However, dozens of students from Tomchei Tmimim yeshivas in Poland managed to escape to Lithuania and from there to Shanghai, China. They remained there during the Holocaust.

Lithuania - In Vilna and other cities, there were Chabad communities and yeshivas before the Holocaust. Most of Anash and Tmimim were murdered in the Holocaust.

Latvia - In Riga there was a large community with Chabad synagogues. There were other communities throughout Latvia. Chassidim and Tmimim were murdered with few survivors.

Soviet Union - Many Chabad chassidim lived for several generations in the cities and towns of Greater Russia-Soviet Union, and large and small communities developed throughout the country, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

In summer 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union and many Jews, including Chabad chassidim, fled from the front areas. Many of the refugees settled in Tashkent and Samarkand in Uzbekistan and thus survived the Holocaust.

Russia - The central Chabad communities in Moscow and Leningrad suffered heavy bombardment and many Chabad chassidim perished in the war events.

Ukraine - The Nazis conquered an important part of Ukraine, and many Chabad chassidim were murdered.

In summary: Most Soviet Jews and thus most Chabad chassidim remained in Nazi-occupied areas and were murdered during the Holocaust. HY"D.

== After the Holocaust ==

== The Exodus from Russia ==
After the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim who survived the war events and Holocaust left the Soviet Union for Poland, exiting Russia through Lvov.

From Lvov they continued to various regions in Eastern Europe until they moved to Western Europe under American control and arrived at displaced persons camps in Germany and Austria. Most Anash settled in the Pocking DP camp in Germany and others in additional DP camps.

The Jews who gathered in DP camps received material and spiritual assistance from the Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe, who ensured that chassidim would circulate and awaken the Jewish spirit among the Jews there.

The Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe sent them books and religious articles, as well as minimal kosher food, which they couldn't obtain in the poor conditions that prevailed in the camps.

The activities spread across many areas, and many Jews' Judaism was saved thanks to these activities.

== Encouragement to Holocaust Survivors ==
Following the Holocaust, the spirits of many survivors and people who lived through the Holocaust's pain fell, and some ceased observing Torah and mitzvos, lo aleinu.

The Rebbe's response to these people is known through a mashal, to a person entering surgery. That person, who understands nothing about medicine, will try to understand the doctors' actions. But when one of the doctors raises his hand to take the knife, that person will burst out and try to prevent the surgery. "How is it possible" - he will shout - "this knife will not only not add to the person's health, but might even kill him and end his already difficult life."

Everyone understands, the Rebbe continues explaining the mashal's point, that this knife is what will save the person now lying on the operating table. It's inconceivable to say the doctor acts out of recklessness and disregard for the patient's actions. So too here, although we don't understand the Holocaust, and we resemble that person trying to understand the doctor's actions. But just as in the mashal, it's clear the doctor knows what he's doing and we trust him, so too Hashem made the Holocaust. We don't know why, but we shouldn't draw negative conclusions from this.

== The Rebbe's Attitude Towards Holocaust Martyrs ==
Since the Holocaust, the Rebbe treated the victims and survivors with respect. When other groups tried to present the Holocaust as punishment from Hashem for undesirable behavior, the Rebbe strongly rejected such approaches and said the Holocaust should not be seen as punishment or tikun, and its reason is indeed not understood. In winter 1991, the Rebbe cried out about this in particularly sharp sichos, in which he gave a deep perspective on the Holocaust martyrs.

The Rebbe also addressed claims that the victims should not be considered martyrs who sanctified Hashem's name, since the murderers also killed assimilated Jews and apostates. He noted that outside Germany, there were those who converted and were saved. Thus, anyone killed in the Holocaust sanctified Hashem's name through their death.

In a booklet about the Three Weeks that the Rebbe published during the Holocaust, the Rebbe directly connects the Jewish people's conduct to their suffering and expresses that "the Jewish people are now in the midst of their greatest suffering," and encourages the children reading the booklet to return to Hashem, in accordance with the Frierdiker Rebbe's call that these events are the birth pangs of Moshiach and echoing his call for immediate teshuvah, immediate redemption.

== Chabad in the Holocaust ==
Extended article - '''Chabad in the Holocaust (Series)'''

'''Chabad in the Holocaust''' is a series of fifty-five articles containing historical documentation about the Chabad Chassidic movement during the Holocaust period. The articles were written by author Shneur Zalman Berger and published over several years in the Beis Moshiach weekly.

The series began publication in 2005 marking sixty years since the end of the war and was completed in 2009.

== Further Reading ==

* Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad in the Holocaust - (Series) published in Beis Moshiach 2005-2009
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Soviet Russia
* These are the Chronicles of Peretz - Chabad in Leningrad and Tashkent during the Holocaust
* Menachem Zigelboim, Memories of R' Mule - Holocaust memories - Siege of Leningrad, wanderings, Tashkent, exile
* Shneur Zalman Berger, The Partisan - R' Zusha Wilmowsky and R' Dovid Gershowitz - partisans in the Bielski unit
* Hillel Zaltzman, Samarkand - Chabad refugees in Samarkand
* Naftali Tzvi Gottlieb, Judaism of Silence, Chapters of Chassidic Life under Communist and Nazi oppression

== See Also ==

* Immediate Teshuvah, Immediate Redemption
* Prayers During the Holocaust from the Frierdiker Rebbe
* The Exodus from Russia 1946
* The Holocaust of Lubavitch
* Lubavitch Ghetto
* Kovno Ghetto
* Holocaust Remembrance Day

==External links==
*'''[https://chabadinfo.com/tag/holocaust/ Tag: the holocaust]''', Chabad Info
*'''[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/332485/jewish/The-Holocaust.htm The Holocaust]''', chabad.org

[[he:השואה]]
[[Category:World War II]]

The Holocaust

2025-02-11T16:43:44Z

להתראות:

[[קובץ:גטו לודז.jpg|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|Lodz Ghetto][
'''The Holocaust''' was the genocide of the Jewish people carried out during World War II, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered Al [[Kiddush Hashem]] (sanctifying G-d's name). The Holocaust began in [[Elul]] [[5699]] (1939) and ended in early spring [[5705]] (1945) with the defeat of Nazi [[Germany]] in the war. Thousands of Chabad chassidim perished in the Holocaust, and afterward, most of the chassidim left the [[Soviet Union]] through Lvov and arrived at displaced persons camps throughout [[Europe]]. Most chassidim stayed in the [[Pocking camp]] in Germany, and from there, under the guidance of the [[Frierdiker Rebbe]], they continued on to [[Eretz HaKodesh]], the [[United States]], and other locations.

== The Holocaust Period ==
[[קובץ:שואה 1.png|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|A famous picture from the holocaust during the liquidation of the ghetto uprising [[Warsaw]]]]
[[The Chabad Rebbes]], communities, and yeshivas were in Nazi-occupied areas and war zones. While many perished, there were also survivors. During and after the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim relocated, completely changing the geographic map of Chabad communities:

Before the Holocaust - Most Chabad chassidim lived in the Soviet Union, with important communities in [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Eretz Yisroel|Eretz HaKodesh,]] and [[the United States]].

After the Holocaust and exodus from [[Russia]] - Few chassidim remained in the Soviet Union, and the communities in Poland were almost completely destroyed. In the following years, chassidim settled in displaced persons camps and from there moved to Eretz HaKodesh, France, the United States, and other countries.

The Chabad researcher R' Shneur Zalman Berger, who documented Chabad's Holocaust history (series), summarized the tragic results among Chabad chassidim during the Holocaust: "The majority of Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia – thousands of families – were murdered by the Nazis. Many more Chabad chassidim in the Soviet Union were also killed. Some were murdered by the Nazis in conquered cities, some fell fighting on the battlefield, and many died from disease, hunger, and cold."

== The Frierdiker Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
In 5693 (1933), the Frierdiker Rebbe moved from Riga to Warsaw, Poland, and in 5695 (1935), due to his health condition and doctors' advice, he moved to the town of Otwock where Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim was located.

In Elul 5699 (1939), several days after the outbreak of World War II and the Nazi invasion of Poland, he left Otwock and went to Warsaw, where he had to flee from house to house due to German bombardments. After the Nazis conquered Warsaw, he stayed in the home of the chassid Rabbi Yechiel Tzvi Gourary.

During this period, false reports circulated that the Nazis had captured and executed the Frierdiker Rebbe. When the mistake was discovered, retraction notices were published in the press announcing that "His Holy Honor the Rebbe of Lubavitch shlita is healthy and well."

== Saving Jews ==
After arriving in the United States, the Frierdiker Rebbe immediately began working to save Jews from all backgrounds and countries. This activity involved members of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the United States and additional Chabad askanim worldwide.

He:

* Worked and succeeded in rescuing his son-in-law the Rebbe and daughter [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka]]
* Attempted to rescue his son-in-law Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Horenstein]] and daughter Rebbetzin Sheina HY"D
* Made great efforts to rescue as many Tmimim and chassidim as possible from burning Europe
* Ensured the rescue of several important Jewish leaders of that period, including the Rebbe Rabbi Aharon Rokeach of Belz and the Imrei Emes of Ger
* Worked to provide assistance to many Jews who faced hardship due to the war, which caused distress, shortages, and severe economic problems worldwide
* Conducted special rescue operations through Chabad Rabbanim and askanim in Sweden - Rabbi Yaakov Yisroel Zuber and Rabbi Yisroel Chesdan. Documentation of these activities are scattered throughout the Frierdiker Rebbe's Igros Kodesh and some were collected in the book Chasdei Yisroel in chapters dealing with rescue during the Holocaust period
* In addition to operational activities, the Frierdiker Rebbe worked to inspire American Jews to do teshuvah for the merit of their brothers suffering from Nazi persecution, and composed special prayers to arouse mercy for the Jewish people and for the merit of U.S. military personnel and leaders fighting for humanity

== The Military Service Department ==
The Department for Military Service Workers was founded during the Holocaust by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch in partnership with the Machne Israel organization. This department worked in various ways to inspire Yiddishkeit among Jewish soldiers serving in the U.S. military by sending religious articles, study books, Jewish reading materials, letters of encouragement from the Frierdiker Rebbe, holiday information booklets and more. The Rebbe MH"M headed all these activities.

== Messages to Soldiers ==
The department, under the Rebbe's management, produced special "Message" booklets for soldiers and also sent them holiday booklets produced by [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]]. These booklets contained messages that were igros from the Frierdiker Rebbe and content adapted from his words. The booklets also included igros and words from the Rebbe. The booklets received prominent publicity in the [[Kovetz Lubavitch]] publications.

The booklet also contained the first paragraph of Krias Shema and several chapters of [[Tehillim]]. This booklet included a letter from the Rebbe containing his father-in-law the Frierdiker Rebbe's words about the obligation to put on tefillin.

== Reviews and Publication ==
Special reviews of activities with soldiers and the booklets were published several times over the years, including in: Sefer Toldos Chabad in the United States and Yemei Melech.

The book Yemei Breishis presents photographs of the Message booklets and includes the Rebbe's words from 1950 to a soldier about the booklets for soldiers.

== The Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
When Hitler ימ"ש rose to power, the Rebbe spent several months in Germany. After antisemitism intensified, the Rebbe moved to Paris, France in 1933.

At the beginning of the war, the Rebbe cared for the city's Jews as well as refugees who arrived from other places, and worked to lift the spirits of the local Jews. From the known stories about the Rebbe's activities in the area, we know about his assistance to refugees entering hotels. Hotel managers did not want to admit refugees to their hotels for fear they wouldn't pay, since the refugees had no money. Therefore, hotel managers decided not to admit anyone who didn't possess property worth one hundred dollars. The Rebbe would circulate with such a bill and bring it to Jews who needed to enter hotels, and after they succeeded in getting a room, he would take the bill and pass it to additional Jews.

Additionally, it is known that the Rebbe was very particular about not being considered non-Jewish. As Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka related, during the registration conducted by the Nazis ימ"ש for French citizens, the Rebbe was not present at home. When he returned, she told him that she had answered the representative's question about the residents' religion with "Orthodox" (a response that could be interpreted as not necessarily referring to Jews). When the Rebbe heard this, he immediately went with mesiras nefesh to the office responsible for registration and ensured they would be registered specifically as Jews and not just as "Orthodox." All this during the height of the war.

== Chabad Chassidim in the Holocaust ==
Many Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia perished in the Holocaust, in ghettos, death camps, and killing valleys.

Poland - The largest Chabad community before the Holocaust was in Warsaw and Otwock. Small communities and yeshivas existed in several Polish cities like Lodz. The majority of chassidim and Tmimim were murdered. However, dozens of students from Tomchei Tmimim yeshivas in Poland managed to escape to Lithuania and from there to Shanghai, China. They remained there during the Holocaust.

Lithuania - In Vilna and other cities, there were Chabad communities and yeshivas before the Holocaust. Most of Anash and Tmimim were murdered in the Holocaust.

Latvia - In Riga there was a large community with Chabad synagogues. There were other communities throughout Latvia. Chassidim and Tmimim were murdered with few survivors.

Soviet Union - Many Chabad chassidim lived for several generations in the cities and towns of Greater Russia-Soviet Union, and large and small communities developed throughout the country, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

In summer 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union and many Jews, including Chabad chassidim, fled from the front areas. Many of the refugees settled in Tashkent and Samarkand in Uzbekistan and thus survived the Holocaust.

Russia - The central Chabad communities in Moscow and Leningrad suffered heavy bombardment and many Chabad chassidim perished in the war events.

Ukraine - The Nazis conquered an important part of Ukraine, and many Chabad chassidim were murdered.

In summary: Most Soviet Jews and thus most Chabad chassidim remained in Nazi-occupied areas and were murdered during the Holocaust. HY"D.

== After the Holocaust ==

== The Exodus from Russia ==
After the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim who survived the war events and Holocaust left the Soviet Union for Poland, exiting Russia through Lvov.

From Lvov they continued to various regions in Eastern Europe until they moved to Western Europe under American control and arrived at displaced persons camps in Germany and Austria. Most Anash settled in the Pocking DP camp in Germany and others in additional DP camps.

The Jews who gathered in DP camps received material and spiritual assistance from the Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe, who ensured that chassidim would circulate and awaken the Jewish spirit among the Jews there.

The Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe sent them books and religious articles, as well as minimal kosher food, which they couldn't obtain in the poor conditions that prevailed in the camps.

The activities spread across many areas, and many Jews' Judaism was saved thanks to these activities.

== Encouragement to Holocaust Survivors ==
Following the Holocaust, the spirits of many survivors and people who lived through the Holocaust's pain fell, and some ceased observing Torah and mitzvos, lo aleinu.

The Rebbe's response to these people is known through a mashal, to a person entering surgery. That person, who understands nothing about medicine, will try to understand the doctors' actions. But when one of the doctors raises his hand to take the knife, that person will burst out and try to prevent the surgery. "How is it possible" - he will shout - "this knife will not only not add to the person's health, but might even kill him and end his already difficult life."

Everyone understands, the Rebbe continues explaining the mashal's point, that this knife is what will save the person now lying on the operating table. It's inconceivable to say the doctor acts out of recklessness and disregard for the patient's actions. So too here, although we don't understand the Holocaust, and we resemble that person trying to understand the doctor's actions. But just as in the mashal, it's clear the doctor knows what he's doing and we trust him, so too Hashem made the Holocaust. We don't know why, but we shouldn't draw negative conclusions from this.

== The Rebbe's Attitude Towards Holocaust Martyrs ==
Since the Holocaust, the Rebbe treated the victims and survivors with respect. When other groups tried to present the Holocaust as punishment from Hashem for undesirable behavior, the Rebbe strongly rejected such approaches and said the Holocaust should not be seen as punishment or tikun, and its reason is indeed not understood. In winter 1991, the Rebbe cried out about this in particularly sharp sichos, in which he gave a deep perspective on the Holocaust martyrs.

The Rebbe also addressed claims that the victims should not be considered martyrs who sanctified Hashem's name, since the murderers also killed assimilated Jews and apostates. He noted that outside Germany, there were those who converted and were saved. Thus, anyone killed in the Holocaust sanctified Hashem's name through their death.

In a booklet about the Three Weeks that the Rebbe published during the Holocaust, the Rebbe directly connects the Jewish people's conduct to their suffering and expresses that "the Jewish people are now in the midst of their greatest suffering," and encourages the children reading the booklet to return to Hashem, in accordance with the Frierdiker Rebbe's call that these events are the birth pangs of Moshiach and echoing his call for immediate teshuvah, immediate redemption.

== Chabad in the Holocaust ==
Extended article - '''Chabad in the Holocaust (Series)'''

'''Chabad in the Holocaust''' is a series of fifty-five articles containing historical documentation about the Chabad Chassidic movement during the Holocaust period. The articles were written by author Shneur Zalman Berger and published over several years in the Beis Moshiach weekly.

The series began publication in 2005 marking sixty years since the end of the war and was completed in 2009.

== Further Reading ==

* Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad in the Holocaust - (Series) published in Beis Moshiach 2005-2009
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Soviet Russia
* These are the Chronicles of Peretz - Chabad in Leningrad and Tashkent during the Holocaust
* Menachem Zigelboim, Memories of R' Mule - Holocaust memories - Siege of Leningrad, wanderings, Tashkent, exile
* Shneur Zalman Berger, The Partisan - R' Zusha Wilmowsky and R' Dovid Gershowitz - partisans in the Bielski unit
* Hillel Zaltzman, Samarkand - Chabad refugees in Samarkand
* Naftali Tzvi Gottlieb, Judaism of Silence, Chapters of Chassidic Life under Communist and Nazi oppression

== See Also ==

* Immediate Teshuvah, Immediate Redemption
* Prayers During the Holocaust from the Frierdiker Rebbe
* The Exodus from Russia 1946
* The Holocaust of Lubavitch
* Lubavitch Ghetto
* Kovno Ghetto
* Holocaust Remembrance Day

==External links==
*'''[https://chabadinfo.com/tag/holocaust/ Tag: the holocaust]''', Chabad Info
*'''[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/332485/jewish/The-Holocaust.htm The Holocaust]''', chabad.org

[[he:השואה]]
[[Category:World War II]]

The Holocaust

2025-02-11T16:43:32Z

להתראות:

[[קובץ:גטו לודז.jpg|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|Lodz Ghetto]
'''The Holocaust''' was the genocide of the Jewish people carried out during World War II, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered Al [[Kiddush Hashem]] (sanctifying G-d's name). The Holocaust began in [[Elul]] [[5699]] (1939) and ended in early spring [[5705]] (1945) with the defeat of Nazi [[Germany]] in the war. Thousands of Chabad chassidim perished in the Holocaust, and afterward, most of the chassidim left the [[Soviet Union]] through Lvov and arrived at displaced persons camps throughout [[Europe]]. Most chassidim stayed in the [[Pocking camp]] in Germany, and from there, under the guidance of the [[Frierdiker Rebbe]], they continued on to [[Eretz HaKodesh]], the [[United States]], and other locations.

== The Holocaust Period ==
[[קובץ:שואה 1.png|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|A famous picture from the holocaust during the liquidation of the ghetto uprising [[Warsaw]]]]
[[The Chabad Rebbes]], communities, and yeshivas were in Nazi-occupied areas and war zones. While many perished, there were also survivors. During and after the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim relocated, completely changing the geographic map of Chabad communities:

Before the Holocaust - Most Chabad chassidim lived in the Soviet Union, with important communities in [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Eretz Yisroel|Eretz HaKodesh,]] and [[the United States]].

After the Holocaust and exodus from [[Russia]] - Few chassidim remained in the Soviet Union, and the communities in Poland were almost completely destroyed. In the following years, chassidim settled in displaced persons camps and from there moved to Eretz HaKodesh, France, the United States, and other countries.

The Chabad researcher R' Shneur Zalman Berger, who documented Chabad's Holocaust history (series), summarized the tragic results among Chabad chassidim during the Holocaust: "The majority of Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia – thousands of families – were murdered by the Nazis. Many more Chabad chassidim in the Soviet Union were also killed. Some were murdered by the Nazis in conquered cities, some fell fighting on the battlefield, and many died from disease, hunger, and cold."

== The Frierdiker Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
In 5693 (1933), the Frierdiker Rebbe moved from Riga to Warsaw, Poland, and in 5695 (1935), due to his health condition and doctors' advice, he moved to the town of Otwock where Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim was located.

In Elul 5699 (1939), several days after the outbreak of World War II and the Nazi invasion of Poland, he left Otwock and went to Warsaw, where he had to flee from house to house due to German bombardments. After the Nazis conquered Warsaw, he stayed in the home of the chassid Rabbi Yechiel Tzvi Gourary.

During this period, false reports circulated that the Nazis had captured and executed the Frierdiker Rebbe. When the mistake was discovered, retraction notices were published in the press announcing that "His Holy Honor the Rebbe of Lubavitch shlita is healthy and well."

== Saving Jews ==
After arriving in the United States, the Frierdiker Rebbe immediately began working to save Jews from all backgrounds and countries. This activity involved members of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the United States and additional Chabad askanim worldwide.

He:

* Worked and succeeded in rescuing his son-in-law the Rebbe and daughter [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka]]
* Attempted to rescue his son-in-law Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Horenstein]] and daughter Rebbetzin Sheina HY"D
* Made great efforts to rescue as many Tmimim and chassidim as possible from burning Europe
* Ensured the rescue of several important Jewish leaders of that period, including the Rebbe Rabbi Aharon Rokeach of Belz and the Imrei Emes of Ger
* Worked to provide assistance to many Jews who faced hardship due to the war, which caused distress, shortages, and severe economic problems worldwide
* Conducted special rescue operations through Chabad Rabbanim and askanim in Sweden - Rabbi Yaakov Yisroel Zuber and Rabbi Yisroel Chesdan. Documentation of these activities are scattered throughout the Frierdiker Rebbe's Igros Kodesh and some were collected in the book Chasdei Yisroel in chapters dealing with rescue during the Holocaust period
* In addition to operational activities, the Frierdiker Rebbe worked to inspire American Jews to do teshuvah for the merit of their brothers suffering from Nazi persecution, and composed special prayers to arouse mercy for the Jewish people and for the merit of U.S. military personnel and leaders fighting for humanity

== The Military Service Department ==
The Department for Military Service Workers was founded during the Holocaust by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch in partnership with the Machne Israel organization. This department worked in various ways to inspire Yiddishkeit among Jewish soldiers serving in the U.S. military by sending religious articles, study books, Jewish reading materials, letters of encouragement from the Frierdiker Rebbe, holiday information booklets and more. The Rebbe MH"M headed all these activities.

== Messages to Soldiers ==
The department, under the Rebbe's management, produced special "Message" booklets for soldiers and also sent them holiday booklets produced by [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]]. These booklets contained messages that were igros from the Frierdiker Rebbe and content adapted from his words. The booklets also included igros and words from the Rebbe. The booklets received prominent publicity in the [[Kovetz Lubavitch]] publications.

The booklet also contained the first paragraph of Krias Shema and several chapters of [[Tehillim]]. This booklet included a letter from the Rebbe containing his father-in-law the Frierdiker Rebbe's words about the obligation to put on tefillin.

== Reviews and Publication ==
Special reviews of activities with soldiers and the booklets were published several times over the years, including in: Sefer Toldos Chabad in the United States and Yemei Melech.

The book Yemei Breishis presents photographs of the Message booklets and includes the Rebbe's words from 1950 to a soldier about the booklets for soldiers.

== The Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
When Hitler ימ"ש rose to power, the Rebbe spent several months in Germany. After antisemitism intensified, the Rebbe moved to Paris, France in 1933.

At the beginning of the war, the Rebbe cared for the city's Jews as well as refugees who arrived from other places, and worked to lift the spirits of the local Jews. From the known stories about the Rebbe's activities in the area, we know about his assistance to refugees entering hotels. Hotel managers did not want to admit refugees to their hotels for fear they wouldn't pay, since the refugees had no money. Therefore, hotel managers decided not to admit anyone who didn't possess property worth one hundred dollars. The Rebbe would circulate with such a bill and bring it to Jews who needed to enter hotels, and after they succeeded in getting a room, he would take the bill and pass it to additional Jews.

Additionally, it is known that the Rebbe was very particular about not being considered non-Jewish. As Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka related, during the registration conducted by the Nazis ימ"ש for French citizens, the Rebbe was not present at home. When he returned, she told him that she had answered the representative's question about the residents' religion with "Orthodox" (a response that could be interpreted as not necessarily referring to Jews). When the Rebbe heard this, he immediately went with mesiras nefesh to the office responsible for registration and ensured they would be registered specifically as Jews and not just as "Orthodox." All this during the height of the war.

== Chabad Chassidim in the Holocaust ==
Many Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia perished in the Holocaust, in ghettos, death camps, and killing valleys.

Poland - The largest Chabad community before the Holocaust was in Warsaw and Otwock. Small communities and yeshivas existed in several Polish cities like Lodz. The majority of chassidim and Tmimim were murdered. However, dozens of students from Tomchei Tmimim yeshivas in Poland managed to escape to Lithuania and from there to Shanghai, China. They remained there during the Holocaust.

Lithuania - In Vilna and other cities, there were Chabad communities and yeshivas before the Holocaust. Most of Anash and Tmimim were murdered in the Holocaust.

Latvia - In Riga there was a large community with Chabad synagogues. There were other communities throughout Latvia. Chassidim and Tmimim were murdered with few survivors.

Soviet Union - Many Chabad chassidim lived for several generations in the cities and towns of Greater Russia-Soviet Union, and large and small communities developed throughout the country, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

In summer 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union and many Jews, including Chabad chassidim, fled from the front areas. Many of the refugees settled in Tashkent and Samarkand in Uzbekistan and thus survived the Holocaust.

Russia - The central Chabad communities in Moscow and Leningrad suffered heavy bombardment and many Chabad chassidim perished in the war events.

Ukraine - The Nazis conquered an important part of Ukraine, and many Chabad chassidim were murdered.

In summary: Most Soviet Jews and thus most Chabad chassidim remained in Nazi-occupied areas and were murdered during the Holocaust. HY"D.

== After the Holocaust ==

== The Exodus from Russia ==
After the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim who survived the war events and Holocaust left the Soviet Union for Poland, exiting Russia through Lvov.

From Lvov they continued to various regions in Eastern Europe until they moved to Western Europe under American control and arrived at displaced persons camps in Germany and Austria. Most Anash settled in the Pocking DP camp in Germany and others in additional DP camps.

The Jews who gathered in DP camps received material and spiritual assistance from the Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe, who ensured that chassidim would circulate and awaken the Jewish spirit among the Jews there.

The Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe sent them books and religious articles, as well as minimal kosher food, which they couldn't obtain in the poor conditions that prevailed in the camps.

The activities spread across many areas, and many Jews' Judaism was saved thanks to these activities.

== Encouragement to Holocaust Survivors ==
Following the Holocaust, the spirits of many survivors and people who lived through the Holocaust's pain fell, and some ceased observing Torah and mitzvos, lo aleinu.

The Rebbe's response to these people is known through a mashal, to a person entering surgery. That person, who understands nothing about medicine, will try to understand the doctors' actions. But when one of the doctors raises his hand to take the knife, that person will burst out and try to prevent the surgery. "How is it possible" - he will shout - "this knife will not only not add to the person's health, but might even kill him and end his already difficult life."

Everyone understands, the Rebbe continues explaining the mashal's point, that this knife is what will save the person now lying on the operating table. It's inconceivable to say the doctor acts out of recklessness and disregard for the patient's actions. So too here, although we don't understand the Holocaust, and we resemble that person trying to understand the doctor's actions. But just as in the mashal, it's clear the doctor knows what he's doing and we trust him, so too Hashem made the Holocaust. We don't know why, but we shouldn't draw negative conclusions from this.

== The Rebbe's Attitude Towards Holocaust Martyrs ==
Since the Holocaust, the Rebbe treated the victims and survivors with respect. When other groups tried to present the Holocaust as punishment from Hashem for undesirable behavior, the Rebbe strongly rejected such approaches and said the Holocaust should not be seen as punishment or tikun, and its reason is indeed not understood. In winter 1991, the Rebbe cried out about this in particularly sharp sichos, in which he gave a deep perspective on the Holocaust martyrs.

The Rebbe also addressed claims that the victims should not be considered martyrs who sanctified Hashem's name, since the murderers also killed assimilated Jews and apostates. He noted that outside Germany, there were those who converted and were saved. Thus, anyone killed in the Holocaust sanctified Hashem's name through their death.

In a booklet about the Three Weeks that the Rebbe published during the Holocaust, the Rebbe directly connects the Jewish people's conduct to their suffering and expresses that "the Jewish people are now in the midst of their greatest suffering," and encourages the children reading the booklet to return to Hashem, in accordance with the Frierdiker Rebbe's call that these events are the birth pangs of Moshiach and echoing his call for immediate teshuvah, immediate redemption.

== Chabad in the Holocaust ==
Extended article - '''Chabad in the Holocaust (Series)'''

'''Chabad in the Holocaust''' is a series of fifty-five articles containing historical documentation about the Chabad Chassidic movement during the Holocaust period. The articles were written by author Shneur Zalman Berger and published over several years in the Beis Moshiach weekly.

The series began publication in 2005 marking sixty years since the end of the war and was completed in 2009.

== Further Reading ==

* Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad in the Holocaust - (Series) published in Beis Moshiach 2005-2009
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Soviet Russia
* These are the Chronicles of Peretz - Chabad in Leningrad and Tashkent during the Holocaust
* Menachem Zigelboim, Memories of R' Mule - Holocaust memories - Siege of Leningrad, wanderings, Tashkent, exile
* Shneur Zalman Berger, The Partisan - R' Zusha Wilmowsky and R' Dovid Gershowitz - partisans in the Bielski unit
* Hillel Zaltzman, Samarkand - Chabad refugees in Samarkand
* Naftali Tzvi Gottlieb, Judaism of Silence, Chapters of Chassidic Life under Communist and Nazi oppression

== See Also ==

* Immediate Teshuvah, Immediate Redemption
* Prayers During the Holocaust from the Frierdiker Rebbe
* The Exodus from Russia 1946
* The Holocaust of Lubavitch
* Lubavitch Ghetto
* Kovno Ghetto
* Holocaust Remembrance Day

==External links==
*'''[https://chabadinfo.com/tag/holocaust/ Tag: the holocaust]''', Chabad Info
*'''[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/332485/jewish/The-Holocaust.htm The Holocaust]''', chabad.org

[[he:השואה]]
[[Category:World War II]]

The Holocaust

2025-02-11T16:42:05Z

להתראות:

World War II

2025-02-11T16:28:27Z

להתראות:

World War II was the largest war humanity has ever known. The war was between Nazi Germany's army and many countries worldwide. The number of casualties in World War II (according to accepted estimates) was approximately 64.5 million people, more than any other war in history. In the European theater, the war began on September 1, 1939, with Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland, and ended on May 8, 1945, with Nazi Germany's signing of the final surrender agreement.

During World War II, the Holocaust also occurred. The world war enabled the Nazis to drastically intensify their actions against the Jews. Before the war, Nazi Germany's policy focused mainly on discriminating against Jews, physical attacks on Jews and Jewish buildings, and encouraging their emigration. During the war, after conquering vast territories in Europe, the Nazis moved to actions of oppression, abuse, and genocide against Jews through concentration in ghettos and camps, and execution in death camps and killing pits.

== Impact of the War on Chabad ==
During the war, religious persecution in Soviet Russia greatly diminished, as the government was too preoccupied to deal with the chassidim.

Another reason for the easing of persecution was rooted in the escape of Anash to Asiatic Russia, where the atmosphere toward religion was less hostile from the start due to the local Muslim population.

== Migration of Anash to Asiatic Russia ==
While before the war, Anash were concentrated in central Russia in cities like Moscow, Malakhovka, and Leningrad, during the war, as the Germans penetrated deep into Russian territory, most Anash fled to the depths of Asiatic Russia. Most Anash immigrated to Uzbekistan and concentrated mainly in the cities of Samarkand and Tashkent, and some to Kazakhstan and Georgia. In these places, the chassidim found relative peace and stability.

Besides the significance this had for the established Chabad community, it had an enormous impact on the Bucharian communities in those cities, and many of them became Chabad chassidim.

== Spreading the Wellsprings ==
Many people who before the war lived in Poland and other countries wandered during the war (due to escape, exile to Siberia, joining the Red Army, and more) within Russia's borders. Even people who lived in Russia itself wandered extensively during the war. Being in proximity to Chabad chassidim (and the fact that they were the only ones offering religious services, yeshivas, and cheders for children) exposed them to the world of chassidus, and some became Chabad chassidim. Among these were Reb Shlomo Maidanchik, Reb Yitzchak Springer, the family of the Rebbe of Sedlitz, and many others.

== The Russian Exodus of 1946 ==
A broader article on this topic exists - "The Russian Exodus of 1946"

At the end of the war, many chassidim left in the Russian Exodus. Since thousands of Polish citizens remained in Russia due to the war, the Russian government permitted all Polish citizens to leave Russia. Many Chabad chassidim took advantage of this opportunity and forged Polish passports to leave Russia.

== Long-Term Impact ==
Until the Russian Exodus of 1946-47, most Chabad chassidim were in Russia. Since then, it became possible to establish the foundation for many Chabad communities worldwide. Chabad in France was built from these refugees who arrived in France after their stay in the 'Pocking' refugee camp. The Rebbe established the 'Lishka' for them then. In Eretz Yisrael, there was already a Chabad community before this, but the establishment of Kfar Chabad was based on these refugees.

In 1946, (most of) the remnants of Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim in Russia also left, initially moving to Camp Pocking and later to Brunoy, France.

Thus, a large part of the Chabad movement's center (including most Tomchei Tmimim yeshivas) moved from Russia to France, and from there spread to the rest of the world.

== The Frierdiker Rebbe's Activities During the War ==
Besides rescue operations and support for Jews during the Holocaust, there were activities related to the war: During the war, the Frierdiker Rebbe composed a special prayer "for the peace of the country" (United States) to be said on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur (it was also read at other official events) after the Torah reading for the victory of the Allied forces. He also sent letters to the President of the United States at the time blessing him that they would win the war.

== Further Reading ==

* Rabbi Shalom DovBer Levin, History of Chabad in Soviet Russia
* Rabbi Shneur Zalman Berger, Series on Chabad in the Holocaust

[[he:מלחמת העולם השנייה]]

The Holocaust

2025-02-11T16:28:17Z

להתראות:

'''The Holocaust''' was the genocide of the Jewish people carried out during World War II, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered Al Kiddush Hashem (sanctifying G-d's name). The Holocaust began in Elul 5699 (1939) and ended in early spring 5705 (1945) with the defeat of Nazi Germany in the war. Thousands of Chabad chassidim perished in the Holocaust, and afterward, most of the chassidim left the Soviet Union through Lvov and arrived at displaced persons camps throughout Europe. Most chassidim stayed in the Pocking camp in Germany, and from there, under the guidance of the Frierdiker Rebbe, they continued on to Eretz HaKodesh, the United States, and other locations.

== The Holocaust Period ==
The Chabad Rebbes, communities, and yeshivas were in Nazi-occupied areas and war zones. While many perished, there were also survivors. During and after the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim relocated, completely changing the geographic map of Chabad communities:

Before the Holocaust - Most Chabad chassidim lived in the Soviet Union, with important communities in Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, [[Eretz Yisroel|Eretz HaKodesh,]] and [[the United States]].

After the Holocaust and exodus from Russia - Few chassidim remained in the Soviet Union, and the communities in Poland were almost completely destroyed. In the following years, chassidim settled in displaced persons camps and from there moved to Eretz HaKodesh, France, the United States, and other countries.

The Chabad researcher R' Shneur Zalman Berger, who documented Chabad's Holocaust history (series), summarized the tragic results among Chabad chassidim during the Holocaust: "The majority of Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia – thousands of families – were murdered by the Nazis. Many more Chabad chassidim in the Soviet Union were also killed. Some were murdered by the Nazis in conquered cities, some fell fighting on the battlefield, and many died from disease, hunger, and cold."

== The Frierdiker Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
In 5693 (1933), the Frierdiker Rebbe moved from Riga to Warsaw, Poland, and in 5695 (1935), due to his health condition and doctors' advice, he moved to the town of Otwock where Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim was located.

In Elul 5699 (1939), several days after the outbreak of World War II and the Nazi invasion of Poland, he left Otwock and went to Warsaw, where he had to flee from house to house due to German bombardments. After the Nazis conquered Warsaw, he stayed in the home of the chassid Rabbi Yechiel Tzvi Gourary.

During this period, false reports circulated that the Nazis had captured and executed the Frierdiker Rebbe. When the mistake was discovered, retraction notices were published in the press announcing that "His Holy Honor the Rebbe of Lubavitch shlita is healthy and well."

== Saving Jews ==
After arriving in the United States, the Frierdiker Rebbe immediately began working to save Jews from all backgrounds and countries. This activity involved members of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the United States and additional Chabad askanim worldwide.

He:

* Worked and succeeded in rescuing his son-in-law the Rebbe and daughter Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka
* Attempted to rescue his son-in-law Rabbi Menachem Mendel Horenstein and daughter Rebbetzin Sheina HY"D
* Made great efforts to rescue as many Tmimim and chassidim as possible from burning Europe
* Ensured the rescue of several important Jewish leaders of that period, including the Rebbe Rabbi Aharon Rokeach of Belz and the Imrei Emes of Ger
* Worked to provide assistance to many Jews who faced hardship due to the war, which caused distress, shortages, and severe economic problems worldwide
* Conducted special rescue operations through Chabad Rabbanim and askanim in Sweden - Rabbi Yaakov Yisroel Zuber and Rabbi Yisroel Chesdan. Documentation of these activities are scattered throughout the Frierdiker Rebbe's Igros Kodesh and some were collected in the book Chasdei Yisroel in chapters dealing with rescue during the Holocaust period
* In addition to operational activities, the Frierdiker Rebbe worked to inspire American Jews to do teshuvah for the merit of their brothers suffering from Nazi persecution, and composed special prayers to arouse mercy for the Jewish people and for the merit of U.S. military personnel and leaders fighting for humanity

== The Military Service Department ==
The Department for Military Service Workers was founded during the Holocaust by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch in partnership with the Machne Israel organization. This department worked in various ways to inspire Yiddishkeit among Jewish soldiers serving in the U.S. military by sending religious articles, study books, Jewish reading materials, letters of encouragement from the Frierdiker Rebbe, holiday information booklets and more. The Rebbe MH"M headed all these activities.

== Messages to Soldiers ==
The department, under the Rebbe's management, produced special "Message" booklets for soldiers and also sent them holiday booklets produced by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch. These booklets contained messages that were igros from the Frierdiker Rebbe and content adapted from his words. The booklets also included igros and words from the Rebbe. The booklets received prominent publicity in the Kovetz Lubavitch publications.

The booklet also contained the first paragraph of Krias Shema and several chapters of Tehillim. This booklet included a letter from the Rebbe containing his father-in-law the Frierdiker Rebbe's words about the obligation to put on tefillin.

== Reviews and Publication ==
Special reviews of activities with soldiers and the booklets were published several times over the years, including in: Sefer Toldos Chabad in the United States and Yemei Melech.

The book Yemei Breishis presents photographs of the Message booklets and includes the Rebbe's words from 1950 to a soldier about the booklets for soldiers.

== The Rebbe During the Holocaust ==
When Hitler ימ"ש rose to power, the Rebbe spent several months in Germany. After antisemitism intensified, the Rebbe moved to Paris, France in 1933.

At the beginning of the war, the Rebbe cared for the city's Jews as well as refugees who arrived from other places, and worked to lift the spirits of the local Jews. From the known stories about the Rebbe's activities in the area, we know about his assistance to refugees entering hotels. Hotel managers did not want to admit refugees to their hotels for fear they wouldn't pay, since the refugees had no money. Therefore, hotel managers decided not to admit anyone who didn't possess property worth one hundred dollars. The Rebbe would circulate with such a bill and bring it to Jews who needed to enter hotels, and after they succeeded in getting a room, he would take the bill and pass it to additional Jews.

Additionally, it is known that the Rebbe was very particular about not being considered non-Jewish. As Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka related, during the registration conducted by the Nazis ימ"ש for French citizens, the Rebbe was not present at home. When he returned, she told him that she had answered the representative's question about the residents' religion with "Orthodox" (a response that could be interpreted as not necessarily referring to Jews). When the Rebbe heard this, he immediately went with mesiras nefesh to the office responsible for registration and ensured they would be registered specifically as Jews and not just as "Orthodox." All this during the height of the war.

== Chabad Chassidim in the Holocaust ==
Many Chabad chassidim in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia perished in the Holocaust, in ghettos, death camps, and killing valleys.

Poland - The largest Chabad community before the Holocaust was in Warsaw and Otwock. Small communities and yeshivas existed in several Polish cities like Lodz. The majority of chassidim and Tmimim were murdered. However, dozens of students from Tomchei Tmimim yeshivas in Poland managed to escape to Lithuania and from there to Shanghai, China. They remained there during the Holocaust.

Lithuania - In Vilna and other cities, there were Chabad communities and yeshivas before the Holocaust. Most of Anash and Tmimim were murdered in the Holocaust.

Latvia - In Riga there was a large community with Chabad synagogues. There were other communities throughout Latvia. Chassidim and Tmimim were murdered with few survivors.

Soviet Union - Many Chabad chassidim lived for several generations in the cities and towns of Greater Russia-Soviet Union, and large and small communities developed throughout the country, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

In summer 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union and many Jews, including Chabad chassidim, fled from the front areas. Many of the refugees settled in Tashkent and Samarkand in Uzbekistan and thus survived the Holocaust.

Russia - The central Chabad communities in Moscow and Leningrad suffered heavy bombardment and many Chabad chassidim perished in the war events.

Ukraine - The Nazis conquered an important part of Ukraine, and many Chabad chassidim were murdered.

In summary: Most Soviet Jews and thus most Chabad chassidim remained in Nazi-occupied areas and were murdered during the Holocaust. HY"D.

== After the Holocaust ==

== The Exodus from Russia ==
After the Holocaust, most Chabad chassidim who survived the war events and Holocaust left the Soviet Union for Poland, exiting Russia through Lvov.

From Lvov they continued to various regions in Eastern Europe until they moved to Western Europe under American control and arrived at displaced persons camps in Germany and Austria. Most Anash settled in the Pocking DP camp in Germany and others in additional DP camps.

The Jews who gathered in DP camps received material and spiritual assistance from the Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe, who ensured that chassidim would circulate and awaken the Jewish spirit among the Jews there.

The Frierdiker Rebbe and the Rebbe sent them books and religious articles, as well as minimal kosher food, which they couldn't obtain in the poor conditions that prevailed in the camps.

The activities spread across many areas, and many Jews' Judaism was saved thanks to these activities.

== Encouragement to Holocaust Survivors ==
Following the Holocaust, the spirits of many survivors and people who lived through the Holocaust's pain fell, and some ceased observing Torah and mitzvos, lo aleinu.

The Rebbe's response to these people is known through a mashal, to a person entering surgery. That person, who understands nothing about medicine, will try to understand the doctors' actions. But when one of the doctors raises his hand to take the knife, that person will burst out and try to prevent the surgery. "How is it possible" - he will shout - "this knife will not only not add to the person's health, but might even kill him and end his already difficult life."

Everyone understands, the Rebbe continues explaining the mashal's point, that this knife is what will save the person now lying on the operating table. It's inconceivable to say the doctor acts out of recklessness and disregard for the patient's actions. So too here, although we don't understand the Holocaust, and we resemble that person trying to understand the doctor's actions. But just as in the mashal, it's clear the doctor knows what he's doing and we trust him, so too Hashem made the Holocaust. We don't know why, but we shouldn't draw negative conclusions from this.

== The Rebbe's Attitude Towards Holocaust Martyrs ==
Since the Holocaust, the Rebbe treated the victims and survivors with respect. When other groups tried to present the Holocaust as punishment from Hashem for undesirable behavior, the Rebbe strongly rejected such approaches and said the Holocaust should not be seen as punishment or tikun, and its reason is indeed not understood. In winter 1991, the Rebbe cried out about this in particularly sharp sichos, in which he gave a deep perspective on the Holocaust martyrs.

The Rebbe also addressed claims that the victims should not be considered martyrs who sanctified Hashem's name, since the murderers also killed assimilated Jews and apostates. He noted that outside Germany, there were those who converted and were saved. Thus, anyone killed in the Holocaust sanctified Hashem's name through their death.

In a booklet about the Three Weeks that the Rebbe published during the Holocaust, the Rebbe directly connects the Jewish people's conduct to their suffering and expresses that "the Jewish people are now in the midst of their greatest suffering," and encourages the children reading the booklet to return to Hashem, in accordance with the Frierdiker Rebbe's call that these events are the birth pangs of Moshiach and echoing his call for immediate teshuvah, immediate redemption.

== Chabad in the Holocaust ==
Extended article - '''Chabad in the Holocaust (Series)'''

'''Chabad in the Holocaust''' is a series of fifty-five articles containing historical documentation about the Chabad Chassidic movement during the Holocaust period. The articles were written by author Shneur Zalman Berger and published over several years in the Beis Moshiach weekly.

The series began publication in 2005 marking sixty years since the end of the war and was completed in 2009.

== Further Reading ==

* Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad in the Holocaust - (Series) published in Beis Moshiach 2005-2009
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia
* Shalom Ber Levin, History of Chabad in Soviet Russia
* These are the Chronicles of Peretz - Chabad in Leningrad and Tashkent during the Holocaust
* Menachem Zigelboim, Memories of R' Mule - Holocaust memories - Siege of Leningrad, wanderings, Tashkent, exile
* Shneur Zalman Berger, The Partisan - R' Zusha Wilmowsky and R' Dovid Gershowitz - partisans in the Bielski unit
* Hillel Zaltzman, Samarkand - Chabad refugees in Samarkand
* Naftali Tzvi Gottlieb, Judaism of Silence, Chapters of Chassidic Life under Communist and Nazi oppression

== See Also ==

* Immediate Teshuvah, Immediate Redemption
* Prayers During the Holocaust from the Frierdiker Rebbe
* The Exodus from Russia 1946
* The Holocaust of Lubavitch
* Lubavitch Ghetto
* Kovno Ghetto
* Holocaust Remembrance Day

[[he:השואה]]

The Rebbe Rashab

2025-02-11T16:28:06Z

להתראות:

Rabbi Shalom DovBer Schneersohn - The Rebbe Rashab (20 Cheshvan 5621 - 2 Nissan 5680) was the fifth Nasi in the golden chain of Chabad Rebbeim, the son of the Rebbe Maharash and Rebbetzin Rivka. He founded Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch, the mother of all Chabad yeshivos worldwide. Known as "the Rambam of Chassidus" for his systematic and comprehensive approach to explaining Chassidic concepts.

== Early Years and Childhood ==
Born in Lubavitch on Monday, Parshas Chayei Sarah, 20 Cheshvan 5621. His birth was preceded by remarkable dreams experienced by his mother Rebbetzin Rivka, in which she was visited by her mother Rebbetzin Chaya Sarah and her grandfather, the Mitteler Rebbe, who instructed her and the Rebbe Maharash to write a Sefer Torah and promised them a "good son."

His bris was held on 26 Kislev 5621, delayed by hora'a of the Tzemach Tzedek. He was named Shalom DovBer after his zeidim - Reb Shalom Shachna Altshuler and the Mitteler Rebbe (DovBer). The Tzemach Tzedek explained the name's inner meaning according to Chassidus at the bris.

His upsherin took place on 20 Cheshvan 5624, conducted b'tznius (privately) as per the Tzemach Tzedek's instruction. The night before, he slept in the Tzemach Tzedek's room. In the morning, the Tzemach Tzedek instructed Reb Chaim Ber Chaimson to wash the child's hands, and said birchos hashachar with him.

He entered cheder on the day of his upsherin, learning in a room adjacent to the small beis medrash near the Tzemach Tzedek. During the celebration, the Tzemach Tzedek threw candies, saying they were from Malach Michael. With pure temimus, the young Rashab wouldn't eat them until Erev Pesach when reminded.

The Rebbe Maharash testified: "My son the Rashab was never a naar. Even in his youth, he was a yerei Shamayim, organized, and worked with tremendous yegiah that his hanhaga should be b'darchei haChassidus. By his bar mitzvah, he was already a chossid with a structured avodah."

== Early Achievements ==
By age five, he showed extraordinary hasmada. At age eight, he began attending the Rebbe Maharash's maamarim, and by age nine, his father began teaching him p'nimius. Before his bar mitzvah, he was already boki in all of Tanach, Shisha Sidrei Mishna, and Shulchan Aruch.

At age 14, he knew all of Seder Nashim by heart. In 5635, he began serving as a chozer for his father the Rebbe Maharash, transcribing hanachos of the maamarim.

== Marriage ==
The shidduch between the Rebbe Rashab and his cousin Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah was suggested by his zeide the Tzemach Tzedek when he was only four years old.

Before the chasunah, following the minhag Beis HaRav, the Rebbe Maharash instructed his son to be tested and receive semicha. The Rebbe Maharash wanted the chasunah to be in Lubavitch, which he called "the Yerushalayim of golus," but due to various circumstances, it took place in Avrutch.

The chasunah was celebrated on Motzei Shabbos Parshas Teitzei, 11 Elul 5635, in Avrutch. The Rebbe Maharash himself couldn't attend due to his health but sent deep maamarim and horaos with profound significance.

== Accepting the Nesius ==
On 13 Tishrei 5643, the Rebbe Maharash was nistalek, deeply affecting the Rebbe Rashab. The process of accepting the nesius lasted approximately eleven years. A few days after the histalkus, on the second day of Sukkos, 16 Tishrei, the Rebbe Rashab delivered his first maamar beginning with "Kesser Yitnu L'cha." He said another maamar on Chanukah. These maamarim were transcribed and sent to the Chassidim, who received them with great simcha.

During the year of aveilus, the Rebbe Rashab conducted himself with unique hanhagos: He would daven in his father's room, and after davening would close the door and remain there the entire day - learning, eating, and sleeping there. He wouldn't receive anyone or respond to questions seeking eitzos. He dedicated all his time to tefillah and limud haTorah, focused on hisbodedus and inner avodah.

In 5650, he began receiving people for yechidus temporarily. On Rosh Hashanah 5654, he started davening in his father's regular place, accepting Chassidim for yechidus regularly, and responding in writing to Chassidim's she'eilos. He also began allowing his maamarim to be transcribed for hafatzah among the Chassidim.

== Public Service Activities ==
In his leadership period, he worked extensively to improve the physical and spiritual condition of Jews in general and Russian Jews in particular. He first began engaging in public service in 1880, updating his father regarding decrees against Russian Jews. In 1892, the Russian government decided to expel all Jews from Moscow. The Rebbe Rashab tried various ways to cancel the decree, but without success. However, during the decree's implementation, he ensured Moscow's Jews were settled in suitable locations.

In 1895, The Rebbe Rashab became more involved in public service, mainly strengthening Colel Chabad in Eretz Hakodesh. In 1897, he began working against the establishment of Haskalah movement schools, trying to prevent a school from being established in Lubavitch by appealing to Baron Naftali Hertz Ginzburg. After the school was established, he tried to prevent funding and launched a campaign on the matter.

In 1902, he established a weaving and spinning factory in Dubrovna to employ Jews, requesting support from the Jewish organization ICA to finance the factory.

During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), The Rebbe Rashab ensured matzos and Pesach necessities for Jewish soldiers in the Russian army. In 1905, he established a special committee for this matter. That summer, during a Colel Chabad conference, he first proposed establishing a Chabad yeshiva in Chevron. Toras Emes Yeshiva was founded several years later in 1912 in Beis Romano in Chevron.

In 1905, a rabbinical assembly was held in Vilna, where the government demanded rabbis study secular subjects. During the assembly, The Rebbe Rashab stated:

"All nations must know that only our bodies were given to exile and government subjugation, but our souls were not given to exile and government subjugation. We must declare openly that regarding our religion, Torah, mitzvos and Jewish customs, no authority or coercive force can be used against us Jews. We must declare with the strongest Jewish stubbornness, with the thousand-year-old Jewish mesiras nefesh - do not touch my anointed ones and do not harm my prophets!"

In 1910, a general rabbinical assembly was held in Petersburg by the authorities, dealing with fundamental questions about the Jewish people's physical and material condition. 42 representatives of Russian Jewish communities participated, through which government officials sought to establish regulations opposing traditional customs, primarily regarding religious rabbis' status.

During the assembly, government representatives threatened pogroms throughout the country if rabbis wouldn't compromise. The Rebbe Rashab responded:

"We are not afraid of this at all, since there is no heavenly decree for this heaven forbid"

The Rebbe Rashab took active part in the Beilis trial, establishing a special committee to defend Mendel Beilis.

== Opposition to Zionism ==
The Rebbe Rashab was among prominent Jewish leaders who opposed Zionism. He encouraged publishing the book "Or L'Yesharim" presenting gedolei Yisroel's opposition to Zionism, writing: "If heaven forbid they succeed in holding the land as they imagine, they will defile and contaminate it with their abominations and evil deeds, lengthening the exile." Initially among Agudas Yisroel's founders, he left due to its closeness to Zionism and broad emphasis on aliyah regardless of spiritual condition.

Much of his public work was done in cooperation with leading Admorim and rabbis like R' Chaim of Brisk, R' Chaim Ozer Grodzinski and the Chofetz Chaim, maintaining regular correspondence with some and occasionally meeting several of them.

== Tomchei Tmimim Yeshiva ==
"The Rebbe Rashab, besides his great holiness and righteousness as leader of Chabad chassidim, was known from his youth among Chabad maskilim as an extraordinary genius in Chabad teachings. Elder chassidim crowned The Rebbe Rashab as 'The Rambam of Chabad teachings' as every topic explained in his Chabad teachings and discourses is established halacha arranged with all reasoning and explanations properly ordered."

On Sunday 15 Elul 1897, during his son the Rayatz's sheva brachos, The Rebbe Rashab called a conference of fifty leading rabbis and wealthy individuals then in Lubavitch for the wedding, announcing his decision to establish Tomchei Tmimim Yeshiva. The yeshiva's innovation would be students' analytical study of Chassidus and following its ways. The students, called "Tmimim," would be a center of G-d-fearing, genuine heartfelt divine service. Two days later, on Tuesday 17 Elul, The Rebbe Rashab chose the first 18 students.

Three years after establishing the yeshiva, on Simchas Torah 1901, The Rebbe Rashab gave a talk to Tmimim students based on Chazal's statement "Anyone going to war for Beis Dovid writes a divorce document for his wife." He explained the Tmimim students' purpose and established additional points in their required work as soldiers of Beis Dovid.

== Health ==
The Rebbe Rashab had a weak constitution and often fell ill. Consequently, he spent much time traveling to health resorts and specialist doctors. In 1884, he first began traveling to healing places, mainly warm coastal countries. In 1886, he went to the Yalta mountains, uniquely bringing his whole family unlike other journeys.

His father the Maharash's passing broke his spirit and weakened him physically. In his twenties, he had to leave home for health resorts to be examined by top doctors and strengthen himself in restful places. Except rarely, he never took his son.

In Kislev 1891, he fell severely ill with fever for about two months. The first month he was confined to his room, emerging for prayer on 24 Teves. That summer he traveled three times (each for five days) to nearby Mazinkes village for his health. After Chanukah 1897, he had to travel to Moscow for healing. Doctors then gave him only months to live, leading him to decide to either move to Eretz Yisroel or relocate somewhere he could study Torah and serve alone.

In winter 1903, he traveled to Vienna with his son the Rayatz and met Dr. Sigmund Freud due to loss of feeling in his left hand. Freud gave The Rebbe Rashab electrical treatment and they discussed various matters. In their conversation, the Rebbe explained how to connect mind and heart so the mind could spiritually enrich the heart.

== End of Life ==

====== Move to Rostov ======
In Cheshvan 5676 (1915), the Rebbe Rashab left Lubavitch and moved to Rostov due to World War I.

== Passing ==
In winter 5680 (1920), the Bolsheviks captured Rostov after a long civil war. Due to dangerous roads and the occupation, the court diminished and the Rebbe requested people not come. Prayers and maamarim were conducted with minimal minyanim.

At the end of Adar, the Rebbe Rashab fell ill. On Motzei Shabbos, the eve of 2 Nissan 5680 (1920) at 4am, it was clear these were his final moments. His eyes closed in dveikus and his breathing weakened. The Frierdiker Rebbe cried out "Tatte! Tatte!" several times. When he stopped breathing and the Frierdiker Rebbe called out again, the Rebbe opened his eyes, looked at him, and two tears fell from his holy eyes before closing again. The Rebbe Rashab straightened his head, arranged his hands and feet, and his holy soul ascended in holiness and purity.

After the passing, the Chevra Kadisha called some Anash to choose an appropriate burial place. R' Moshe Dober Rivkin, R' Shmuel Gurary, R' Nosson Gurary, R' Tzvi Hirsh Gurary, R' Zalman Havlin, and R' Y. Levin decided to bury him near the shamash's house. The Frierdiker Rebbe came and approved the location.

The elders and respected Anash performed the tahara. They reported that the Rebbe Rashab's holy face maintained vitality throughout, with a slight smile on his lips. A burial coffin was built from the bima boards of the beis medrash and the Rebbe Rashab's shtender. Besides shrouds, he was wrapped in the Shabbos tallis he prayed with in his final days.

All Rostov Jews participated in the funeral. Before burial, the Frierdiker Rebbe designated R' Avrohom Boruch Pozner, R' Eliezer Krasik and another chossid as a special beis din, stating the burial was conditional and he retained rights to transfer the holy remains to his ancestors' graves in Lubavitch. An ohel was erected over the Rebbe Rashab's grave.

== Moving the Ohel ==
In winter 5699 (1939), Rostov authorities planned to destroy the cemetery to build new buildings. The chassidim decided to move the ohel to another cemetery on Takucheva Street 155. The Frierdiker Rebbe approved the transfer. Instructions for handling the holy remains came from R' Levi Yitzchok Schneerson (the Rebbe's father).

The actual transfer took place in Adar 5700 (1940) by a minyan of chassidim including: R' Tzemach Kutman, R' Mendel Kantor (the Rebbe's attendant), R' Moshe Wolf Labak, R' Nachman Lokshin, R' Avrohom Katznelson, R' Yona Eidelkop, and R' Chaim Yisroel Epstein. No monument was erected at the new cemetery. The marker for the Rebbe Rashab's resting place was a tree at his head and a mound of earth. To prevent others from being buried next to the Rebbe, the chassidim made six additional earth mounds as if others were buried there.

In 5749 (1989), with the Rebbe's approval, the monument and fence were erected by R' Dovid Nachshon and R' Avi Taub.

After the passing, his only son, the Frierdiker Rebbe, assumed leadership.

== His Shluchim in Russia ==
The Rebbe Rashab sent mature or married Tomchei Tmimim graduates as his shluchim to Russian communities to strengthen Yiddishkeit.

== His Shluchim to Sefardic Jews ==
The Rebbe Rashab worked among Sefardic Jews through shluchim:

* Georgia - sent R' Shmuel Levitin, R' Avrohom Levi Slavin and others
* Bukhara - sent R' Shlomo Yehuda Leib Eliezrov and R' Avrohom Chaim Naeh to Samarkand
* Caucasus - sent R' Shemaryahu Sasonkin

== His Picture ==
The Rebbe Rashab was particular about not being photographed. The only time he agreed was in 5680 (1920), near his passing, when there were plans for the Rebbe and family to travel from Rostov. For passport purposes he was photographed, which is the known picture of him.

The Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka noted the picture didn't capture his true appearance. Therefore R' Nachum Yitzchok Kaplan drew the Rebbe Rashab's likeness from memory wearing a shtreimel. After the Rebbetzin's corrections, she expressed satisfaction.

In 5780 (2020), a new picture was discovered with Hebrew writing "Rabbi Shalom Dober Schneerson 5668" and in Russian "Moscow 1908". Discussion arose whether it was indeed the Rebbe Rashab or a relative.

== His Nigunim ==

# Min Hametzar - on verses before shofar blowing on Rosh Hashanah
# Brochos Before Tekios - on blessings before shofar blowing
# Verses After Tekios - on verses after shofar blowing
# Rostov Nigun - sung during his time in Rostov
# Preparation for 4 Bavos - nigun beloved to him, sung as preparation for the 4 Bavos nigun

== His Seforim ==

# Igros Kodesh - his letters, published in six volumes
# B'Shaah Shehikdimu 5672 - long hemshech explaining core Chassidic concepts
# Sefer HaMaamarim - series of his maamarim during his leadership
# Sefer HaSichos Toras Shalom - his sichos from farbrengens during holidays
# Hagahos on Posach Eliyahu - 5658
# Kuntreisim:
#* Chanoch L'Naar - his first will
#* Kuntres U'Maayan - series on the posuk "U'maayan m'beis Hashem"
#* Kuntres HaTefillah - extensive explanation on prayer
#* Kuntres Eitz HaChaim - written for Tomchei Tmimim students
#* Kuntres HaAvodah - for Tmimim on proper avodas Hashem Also wrote an article for Ohr L'Yesharim

== His Family ==

* His only son, R' Yosef Yitzchok - the Frierdiker Rebbe
* Granddaughter Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka, the Rebbe's wife
* Granddaughter Chana Gurary
* Granddaughter Sheina Horenstein

== Further Reading ==

====== Early Years ======

* Secret meeting in the Tzemach Tzedek's holy room - Beis Moshiach magazine Kislev 5781
* The early years, childhood period - Kfar Chabad 1882
* Rebbe Rashab's tenaim - Beis Moshiach 206
* R' Zalman Hertzel on the Rebbe Rashab and Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah's wedding

== Accepting Leadership ==

* R' Menachem Ziegelboim on Rebbe Rashab accepting leadership - Beis Moshiach 595

== Passing ==

* R' Moshe Dober Rivkin's "Ishkavta D'Rebbi" - Documentation of final illness, passing and funeral
* R' Shneur Zalman Berger, Chabad Community in Rostov - Beis Moshiach 595
* The Mashpia Who Never Returned - Passing account by R' Avrohom Boruch Pozner
* Passing and Ohel of Rebbe Rashab - Beis Moshiach 273
* Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah's letter to R' Shmuel Bezpalov about the passing
* Passing and funeral of Rebbe Rashab - Lev Ha'Ari
* R' Shneur Zalman Berger - Documentation of moving Rebbe Rashab's Ohel
* R' Menachem Ziegelboim's "Estalak Yekara" - Stories of Chabad Rebbes' passing
* R' Elishiv Kaplan's "Inside the Exile" - Jewish community in Rostov

[[he:רבי שלום דובער שניאורסון (אדמו"ר הרש"ב)]]

The Rebbe Rashab

2025-02-11T16:27:54Z

להתראות:

The Rebbe Maharash

2025-02-11T16:27:39Z

להתראות:

Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn '''the rebbe maharash''' (2nd of Iyar 5594 - 13th of Tishrei 5643) was the fourth Rebbe in the lineage of Chabad Rebbes. He originated the saying and approach of "Lchatchila Ariber."

== Birth and Early Years ==
On Monday, the 2nd of Iyar 5594 (May 11, 1834), corresponding to the Sefirah of "Tiferes ShebeTiferes" and marking 100 years since the revelation of the Baal Shem Tov, Rabbi Shmuel (the Maharash) was born in the town of Lubavitch, Russia, as the seventh son of the [[The tzemach tzedek|Tzemach Tzedek]] and his wife, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka.

The birth took place in the Tzemach Tzedek's new house, which had not yet been occupied, built after the great fire of 5592 by one of the nearby governors who constructed it without charge out of respect for the Rebbe. While the Rebbe had planned to inaugurate the house before Shavuos, the Rebbetzin wished to give birth specifically in the new house. For the birth, the Rebbetzin used a new bed that was intended for sifting flour for matzos. Throughout the birth, her husband, the Tzemach Tzedek, stood in the room with his face to the wall, and instructed his sons R' Boruch Shalom, R' Maharil of Kopust, and R' HaRashaz of Lyadi to sit in one of the rooms and recite specific chapters of Tehillim. He gave special instructions to the midwife regarding the birth, to immerse in the mikvah before receiving the baby, and to dress him in a special white cloth that he provided.

== The Bris ==
On the day of the bris, the Tzemach Tzedek instructed to start Shacharis prayers early. By the tenth hour, all family members had arrived, led by the uncle R' Chaim Avraham, son of the Alter Rebbe. When it was nearly two o'clock and the Tzemach Tzedek was still secluded in his room, the gathered began to worry. R' Chaim Avraham sighed and said, "He is busy with more important guests than me." After half an hour, the Rebbe emerged from his room holding a red handkerchief, with a radiant face and tearful eyes, saying "The bris will be today," and after a few moments returned to his holy chamber.

Meanwhile, the Chassidim waited anxiously. R' Chaim Avraham went to the window, rested his head on his hands, and became absorbed in thought. The other sons of the Tzemach Tzedek used the time to study Chassidus together. The Rebbetzin sent one of the Chassidim to ask her husband why they weren't proceeding with the bris, but R' Chaim Avraham stopped him. After the third hour, the Rebbe emerged again with a joyful face and repeated that the bris would be that day, telling the guests to refresh themselves. At four o'clock, he came out for the third time and said not to pray Mincha as the bris would take place very soon.

During the festive meal following the bris, his brother the Maharil asked after whom he was named, since such a name was uncommon in the Tzemach Tzedek's family. He whispered to himself, "Perhaps after Shmuel HaNavi (the Prophet Samuel)?" The Tzemach Tzedek responded: "After a water carrier in Polotsk who was called Shmuel, for a chacham (wise person) is superior to a navi (prophet)."

== Youth and Education ==
In his early years, he showed a love for craftsmanship and carving. A famous story tells that when he was about five years old, a chassid approached him saying, "If you tell me where Hashem is, I'll give you a pocket knife as a gift." The young Shmuel replied: "If you find a place where Hashem isn't, I'll give you a pocket knife as a gift." The chassid smiled and gave him the pocket knife.

At age seven, he began studying under the melamed Rabbi Pesach. He demonstrated exceptional knowledge of Torah and much of Tanach, studying Gemara with Rashi and selected Tosafos. While playing with his friends, he would review Tanach by heart. His father, the Tzemach Tzedek, would test him and his friends in cheder monthly, most of whom were family members, and after the test would give them silver coins as a prize. The young Maharash would combine these amounts with what he received every Friday - one ruble - and buy seforim.

By age ten, his father removed him from cheder due to his genius and breadth of knowledge, arranging a special melamed for him. At age twelve, he began memorizing mishnayos in addition to his analytical studies. His father studied Kesuvim with him three times a week, and his brother R' Boruch Shalom taught him the taamei hamikra for Neviim and Kesuvim as received from the Alter Rebbe.

By age thirteen, he knew all six orders of Mishnah and the Tanya by heart, letter by letter. Under his father's direction, he received Semichah from renowned rabbis including Rabbi Isaac of Homil, Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fradkin, Rabbi Hillel of Paritch, and Rabbi Y.A. Bahard of Vitebsk.

== Craftsmanship and Professional Skills ==
The Rebbe Maharash was gifted in various crafts and professional skills. He was a highly accomplished sofer STaM (scribe of Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzos), known for his exceptionally beautiful and clear handwriting. As a special gift, he wrote a personal Megillas Esther for each of his children. Additionally, he learned the laws and practice of shechita (ritual slaughter) and would occasionally perform it.

Due to health considerations, his doctors specifically instructed him to engage in manual craftsmanship. He undertook several notable projects, including constructing a magnificent menorah that stood as tall as a person with twelve branches. He also demonstrated his woodworking skills by crafting intricate tables from small pieces of wood, showing remarkable attention to detail.

== Marriages ==
His first marriage took place in 5607 (1847), when he was just 14 years old, to Shterna Schneersohn, the daughter of his brother Rabbi Chaim Shneur Zalman. The wedding celebration was held on Friday of Parshas Nasso, the 8th of Sivan 5608. However, tragedy struck during the sheva brachos when the bride fell ill, and she passed away three months later. To help console the young groom in his grief, his father, the Tzemach Tzedek, arranged for him to have a special room adjacent to his own study chambers. This arrangement allowed him to enter his father's holy presence whenever he wished, and during these visits, his father showed him precious manuscripts from previous Rebbes, including some that were not shown to his other sons.

A year after his loss, an important match was proposed. Rebbetzin Sheina, the widow of the Mitteler Rebbe, approached her son-in-law, the Tzemach Tzedek, suggesting a match between the Rebbe Maharash and one of her two orphaned granddaughters, Gitel and Rivkah, who were the daughters of her daughter Sarah and son-in-law Rabbi Aharon of Shklov.

When the Tzemach Tzedek raised the question about the dowry, noting that another match was being proposed from the town of Liepli with a dowry of twenty thousand rubles, Rebbetzin Sheina gave a profound response: "Since 'the wife of a scholar is like the scholar himself' (eshes chaver k'chaver), I am giving the groom forty years of being an eshes chaver."

The Tzemach Tzedek agreed to her suggestion and chose the younger daughter, Rebbetzin Rivkah, from between the two sisters. The older sister, Gitel, graciously forfeited her right as the firstborn and gave her blessing for her younger sister to marry first. The Tzemach Tzedek also ensured Gitel's future by later arranging a good match for her with Rabbi Lampert of Nezhin.

The wedding took place in 5609 (1849). On his wedding day, the Tzemach Tzedek instructed the Rebbe Maharash to go to the kitchen and seek a blessing from his grandmother, Rebbetzin Sheina, who was busy there. When he went to request the blessing, she initially responded strictly that the day was still long and she would bless him at the chuppah. When the groom returned with this response, his father instructed him to go back and insist on receiving the blessing immediately.

When Rebbetzin Sheina realized the groom would not relent, she asked for water to wash her hands, placed them on his head, and in the presence of two witnesses, blessed him with these words: "May it be G-d's will that all the spiritual powers I inherited from my husband should rest upon your head."

During the wedding celebration, the Tzemach Tzedek was in a state of great joy and delivered many Chassidic discourses (maamarei Chassidus). It was well known that the Rebbe Maharash conducted himself with wealth and dignity.

== Public Activity Before Leadership ==
The Rebbe Maharash's involvement in communal affairs began early in his life. In 5608 (1848), he traveled to Vitebsk to participate in a general assembly of Jewish communal activists who had gathered from Shklov, Vilna, and Petersburg. During his two-week stay there, he also delivered Chassidic discourses to the public.

In 5615 (1855), his father, the Tzemach Tzedek, formally directed him to become regularly involved in public activism. R' Shmuel Brin was appointed as his secretary to assist with these responsibilities.

His advocacy work intensified in 5617 (1857) when he traveled to Kiev and Petersburg to work on behalf of Russian Jewry. That same year, he maintained regular contact with Rabbi Aharon, the Rabbi of Belinitz, who also frequently traveled to Petersburg on public matters as an emissary of the Tzemach Tzedek.

In 5618 (1858), he made another crucial journey to Kiev and Petersburg, this time working to cancel the expulsion decree that had been issued against Jews who were leasing fields in villages and settlements. This mission proved successful, and he succeeded in having the expulsion order cancelled.

The following year, 5619 (1859), he traveled to Germany to meet with Jewish communal leaders in Europe. Upon his return in 5620 (1860), he organized a significant assembly bringing together representatives from various sectors of Jewish society: Chabad Chassidim, Volhynian Chassidim, the Maskilim (enlightenment movement), and merchants. At this gathering, he presented a report of his meetings abroad and proposed a comprehensive work plan for the future.

Shortly after this assembly, Rabbi Aharon of Belinitz was denounced to the authorities and was arrested by armed police who took him to Mohilev. In response, the Tzemach Tzedek appointed R' Yitzchak Rubashov and R' Natan bar R' Shlomo Maneson to continue the work, though they had to operate secretly due to fear of further denunciations.

In 5625 (1865), the Rebbe Maharash traveled to Petersburg once again, where he successfully worked to abolish Senate laws that had placed restrictions on the Jews of Lithuania and Zamut.

== Assumption of Leadership and the Division of Chabad ==
At the beginning of 5626 (1866), six months before the passing of the Tzemach Tzedek, he instructed his son, the Rebbe Maharash, to begin delivering Chassidic discourses publicly. Simultaneously, he issued a note to the Chassidim stating:

"To him you shall listen as you listened to me"

During this period, the Tzemach Tzedek also wrote a letter to his son, expressing his satisfaction with his Chassidic teachings and blessing him to continue delivering them. In another significant moment, the Tzemach Tzedek told his son: "The spiritual oil with which the Baal Shem Tov anointed his disciple, the Maggid of Mezritch, to anoint the Alter Rebbe for leadership for generations - with this power my father-in-law, the Mitteler Rebbe, was anointed, and with this power I have anointed you."

Beyond these hints, the Chassidim recognized his unique qualities and exceptional gifts: supernatural wisdom in both the revealed and mystical aspects of Torah, knowledge of worldly sciences (particularly medicine), mastery of various crafts, and fluency in multiple languages.

The Tzemach Tzedek had six sons, with the Rebbe Maharash being the youngest. After their father's passing, all the brothers began delivering Chassidic discourses, with some even having their teachings transcribed. The Chassidim would listen to all of them, with each person following the Rebbe to whom their heart connected, but there was no clear consensus about who would officially succeed the Tzemach Tzedek. Moreover, compared to his brothers, the Rebbe Maharash maintained a more reserved demeanor and exhibited a somewhat modern external conduct, which initially made it difficult for some Chassidim to connect with his spiritual leadership style.

A pivotal moment occurred one Shabbos night when the Rebbe Maharash delivered a Chassidic discourse. The next morning, his brother Rabbi Yehuda Leib repeated the discourse with his own innovation. On Saturday night, the Rebbe Maharash again delivered the discourse with additional insights. This pattern continued, with each brother adding their own insights to the discourse. On Tuesday evening, when the Rebbe Maharash delivered the discourse for the fifth time, Rabbi Yehuda Leib approached him and said, "This time it was father speaking, and I do not wish to stand against father."

Following this incident, and due to additional signs of the Tzemach Tzedek's special affection for his son Shmuel, it was decided that the Rebbe Maharash would succeed his father in leading Chabad Chassidus, establishing his seat in Lubavitch. However, this did not prevent a division, as four of the Tzemach Tzedek's sons began leading their own courts, resulting in a split within Chabad Chassidus.

Many distinguished Chassidim aligned themselves with the Rebbe Maharash's leadership. R' Yekusiel Liepli, one of the elder Chassidim from the time of the Alter Rebbe, decided to follow him based on the quality of his Chassidic discourses. R' Shmuel DovBer of Borisov told a young Chassid, "We cannot distinguish between the Rebbe's sons for they are all tzaddikim, therefore I cannot tell you whom to follow. What I can tell you is that I will travel to the youngest son (the Rebbe Maharash)."

The other brothers relocated to different cities (Lyadi, Kopust, and Nezhin), where they established their own Chabad centers and delivered Chassidic teachings to their followers.

== Public Activity After Assuming Leadership ==
After assuming the leadership of Chabad Chassidus, the Rebbe Maharash continued his extensive public activity for the benefit of the Jewish people. In 5628 (1868), he traveled to France to meet with community activists. In 5629 (1869), he established a permanent committee in Petersburg dedicated to public affairs and the protection of Jewish rights. Between 5630-5640 (1870-1880), he made numerous journeys both within Russia and abroad for communal matters. In 5640 (1880), at great personal risk, he worked to quell the pogroms known as "Storms in the Negev."

== Teachings and Legacy ==
The Rebbe Maharash's Chassidic discourses have been published over the years. While most of his holy letters appear to have been lost, a single volume of his correspondence has been published as "Igros Kodesh of the Rebbe Maharash."

=== Style and Transmission ===
The Rebbe Maharash would deliver Chassidic discourses on Shabbos, holidays, and other special occasions. His discourses were known for their clarity while maintaining exceptional depth. After the team of chozrim (those who would memorize and transcribe the discourses) had thoroughly reviewed the discourse, the manichim (those who would write them down) would enter the Rebbe's presence and repeat the discourse before him. He would correct their mistakes and explain aspects requiring clarification.

Notable among his chozrim were:

* Rabbi Menachem Nachum Yitzchak Eisik Chanin
* Rabbi Isser Ber Gilerson

He was known for his saying "L'chatchila Ariber" - teaching that rather than going under or around an obstacle, one should go over it from the outset. His leadership combined profound spiritual guidance through Chassidic teachings with practical action for the Jewish people's benefit, setting a model for future generations of Chabad leadership.

== Lchatchila Ariber ==
For further reading – see '''Lchatchila Ariber'''

The Rebbe Maharash coined the phrase and taught the approach of "Lchatchila Ariber" (Ariber meaning "above/over"), for which he was called by the Rebbe "The Baal Lchatchila Ariber." Here are his exact words:

די וועלט זאגט אז מיא קאן ניט ארונטער דארף מען אריבער, און איך האלט אז מיא דארף לכתחילה אריבער, מיא דארף לכתחילה נעמען מיט שטארקייט ניט נתפעל ווערן פאר קיין זאך און דורך פיהרן דאס ואס מיא דארף, און אז מי נעמט זיך העלפט דער אייבערשטער

'''Translation''' - The world (most people) maintains: when one cannot go under, one must go over, but I maintain that from the outset one must go over, from the outset one must act with strength, not be impressed by anything, and carry out what needs to be done, and when one begins this way, the Holy One, Blessed be He, helps.

The content of this saying is that the world claims that only when one cannot succeed via the regular path must one try to 'leap over' the difficulties, but the Rebbe Maharash said that in his opinion, one should proceed from the outset in a manner of leaping over all difficulties and obstacles - "Lchatchila Ariber."

The Rebbe adds and says that the Rebbe Maharash's conduct was indeed in the manner of "Lchatchila Ariber," that even in physical matters he conducted himself with dignity, wealth, and abundance, and even the niggun attributed to the Rebbe Maharash became known as the Niggun Lchatchila Ariber.

The concept of "Lchatchila Ariber" also relates to the manner of avodas hateshuva (service of repentance). In the past, teshuva was done through merirus (bitterness) and then one would reach simcha (joy). The difference between merirus and atzvus (depression) is: merirus is contemplation of G-d's greatness and pain over distance from G-dliness. Merirus is a movement of vitality that comes from bitul (self-nullification). In contrast, atzvus is contemplation of one's low level in relation to what one would like to be. Atzvus comes from yeshus (ego) and self. Therefore, atzvus can lead to despair. In Chassidus, atzvus is considered a biblical transgression. Since it is difficult to distinguish between atzvus and merirus, and atzvus is very dangerous, the Rebbe says that in our generation every moment is precious, we need to bring the redemption, and "we don't have the strength for the service of merirus" - we must remain only in the line of simcha, and even if we fall spiritually, we should not fall into atzvus but continue forward with joy over the privilege of rectifying and the privilege of fulfilling mitzvos that connect us to Hashem.

== His Passing ==
The resting place of the Rebbe Maharash

In the year 5642 (1882), he developed a serious illness, and on the 13th of Tishrei 5643 (September 26, 1882), after bidding farewell to his sons, he passed away (while sitting in his chair in his holy chamber), at the age of forty-eight and a half. His honorable resting place is in Lubavitch next to the resting place of his father, the Tzemach Tzedek.

During the Holocaust, the ohel was destroyed and the tombstones were toppled. Years later, Rabbi Abba David Gurevitch restored the tombstones and built a fence around them. Rabbi David Nachshon built a new ohel.

== His Facial Features and Portrait ==
A presumed portrait of the Rebbe Maharash, according to the tradition of the Ginzburg family, descendants of the Rebbe Maharash.

"The likeness of the Rebbe Maharash" was published in the "Algemeiner Journal." It was drawn by R' Shimon Zaltzman who never saw the Rebbe Maharash but drew it based on the description of his brother R' Avraham Zaltzman who had seen the picture in the home of the Rebbe Rashab.

In the Rebbe's note to a talk from 10 Kislev 5744, the Rebbe writes, among other things: "Regarding the Rebbe Maharash, we also do not have a picture of him (before us, as some say that his picture was found but for some reason was not published)." The Rebbe emphasized the words "before us" and "some say" in the note.

On another occasion, the Rebbe said that there is no picture of the Rebbe Maharash.

No definitive portrait of the Rebbe Maharash is known, but throughout history there were three portraits that were presumed to be of the Rebbe Maharash:

# A picture existing in the Library of Agudas Chassidei Chabad. It is said that the Rebbe instructed not to publish it for various reasons [source needed].
# A drawing was published in the Algemeiner Journal by Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Jacobson. It was drawn by R' Shimon Zaltzman who never saw the Rebbe Maharash but drew it based on the description of his brother R' Avraham Zaltzman who had seen the picture in the home of the Rebbe Rashab.
# In the Ginzburg family, descendants of the Rebbe Maharash, a portrait was passed down from generation to generation with a tradition that it is a portrait of the Rebbe Maharash.

According to tradition, the facial features of the Rebbe Maharash were similar to those of the Rebbe Rayatz. This is based on a story that the Rebbe Rayatz told and the Rebbe repeated many times:

During the Baal HaGeulah's famous visit to the Holy Land, one of the chassidim of the Rebbe Maharash came to him for yechidus, and immediately upon entering the room fainted! When they asked him the reason for his fainting, he answered: I saw in the Rebbe's face the countenance of the Rebbe Maharash... He hadn't seen the Rebbe Maharash for decades, and upon seeing the face of the Rebbe Maharash [in the Rebbe Rayatz], he immediately fainted.

— 12 Tammuz 5745 - Hisvaaduyos 5745 Vol. 4 p. 245

[[Category:Chabad Rebbes]]
[[Category:The Rebbe Maharash]]

[[he:רבי שמואל שניאורסון (אדמו"ר המהר"ש)]]

The Tzemach Tzedek

2025-02-11T16:26:23Z

להתראות:

'''The Tzemach Tzedek''' is the third Nasi in the dynasty of Chabad Rebbes. Born on Sunday, [[29th of Elul]] [[5549]] in the city of [[Liozna]], to ][[Rabbi Shalom Shachna Altschuler|Rabbi Shalom Shachna]] and [[Devorah Leah Altschuler]]. He passed away on [[13th of Nissan]] [[5626]] and his resting place is in [[Lubavitch]].

He is called 'Tzemach Tzedek' after his sefer Tzemach Tzedek.

== Birth and Childhood ==
On Sunday, 29th of Elul 5549 in the city of [[Liozna]], Rabbi Menachem Mendel was born to his father R' [[Rabbi Shalom Shachna Altshuler|Shalom Shachna]] and Rebbetzin [[Rebbetzin Devorah Leah Altshuler|Devorah Leah]] Altschuler. His parents named him "Menachem Mendel" after Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk. In 5553 on 3rd of Tishrei, when he was three years old, his mother passed away and as per her final request, Menachem Mendel was adopted by his grandfather, the [[The Alter Rebbe|Alter Rebbe]] who cherished him greatly. Menachem Mendel would sleep in the Alter Rebbe's room, near the Aron Kodesh and was constantly at his side. Until his wedding, the Alter Rebbe would cover him with his tallis during Birchas Kohanim on Yom Tov, and until age nine would cover him during shofar blowing on Rosh Hashanah. On 11th of Tishrei 5553, the Alter Rebbe brought him to begin learning in cheder.

When he was eight years old, the Alter Rebbe suggested to his son, [[the Mitteler Rebbe]], to take him as a chosson for his daughter Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka, but the Mitteler Rebbe hesitated and showed his father through the window how he was playing with all the children in childish ways. The Alter Rebbe approached the window and motioned with his finger for his grandson to enter the room. When Menachem Mendel entered, he gave him a Gemara and instructed him to memorize a daf with [[Rashi]] and Tosafos within half an hour, to return to the room and repeat everything he had learned. The Mitteler Rebbe, who waited in the room, noticed after about fifteen minutes that the child was again playing outside with his friends, turned to his father and said 'He doesn't even listen to your voice!' The Alter Rebbe called the child and rebuked him but Menachem Mendel claimed that he had already learned and began to repeat the daf by heart.

Already in 5561 (at age 11) he began writing chiddushim in nigleh and Chassidus, what he heard from his grandfather and additionally his own explanations. There is a maamar "D'H Eidus" (printed in Sefer Derech Emunah) written in 5562; after many years the Tzemach Tzedek added its conclusion, and that is how it was printed.

Until age 13 his main learning was in nigleh and after bar mitzvah age the Alter Rebbe established special times to learn with him [[Kabbalah]] and Chassidus.

== Marriage ==
On 5th of Kislev 5564, when the Tzemach Tzedek was fourteen years old, he married in Liadi his cousin, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson, daughter of the Mitteler Rebbe.

In 5567, about three years after their marriage, the Alter Rebbe requested from Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka to bring him her husband's Chassidus writings. She complied with his request and among the writings she brought him was the maamar "Shoresh Mitzvos HaTefillah". When the Alter Rebbe saw his chiddushim, he called his brother Yehuda Leib and the chassid Reb Pinchas Reizes and asked them to answer "Amen" to the blessing of "Shehecheyanu". The matter became known to the chassidim who began to honor the Tzemach Tzedek.

When the Tzemach Tzedek learned that his Rebbetzin had transferred the manuscripts against his will, he told her he would divorce her. The Rebbetzin defended herself, saying she was obligated to honor her grandfather - the Alter Rebbe, which takes precedence even over honoring one's father. The Tzemach Tzedek responded that he needed to study the halacha, and since he had reservations about her actions, he couldn't live with her until he completed his study. For several days, the Rebbetzin cried continuously. After two months when the Tzemach Tzedek hadn't changed his mind, she told her father, the Mitteler Rebbe, who discussed the matter with his son-in-law. When he saw that his opinion was firm, he went to the Alter Rebbe and presented the situation.

On Shabbos Parshas Mikeitz, after the Alter Rebbe delivered a maamar (Chassidic discourse) in his room, he waited for everyone to leave and turned to the Tzemach Tzedek. He said he heard that he was studying a halachic matter, but since he was personally involved, it would be difficult for him to reach the truth objectively. He expressed his desire to study together, saying that two G-dly souls would be able to reveal the true halacha. After their joint study, the Tzemach Tzedek reversed his position and regretted considering divorcing his wife. The Alter Rebbe promised to learn with him twice a week nigleh (revealed aspects of Torah), and three times a week he would repeat maamarim he had previously delivered and explanations of Torah teachings he had received from his Rebbes. Afterward, the Alter Rebbe blessed the couple with the verse "You shall plant your plantings... on the day of your planting you will see growth, and in the morning your seed will blossom." He requested that no trace of anger toward the Rebbetzin remain and that he should make her happy, and sighed adding: "The harvest flees on a day of disease and mortal pain."

After his marriage, the Tzemach Tzedek was supported by his father-in-law, the Mitteler Rebbe, and served as Rosh Yeshiva under him, choosing not to make his living from Torah but rather from his own work. He invested the three hundred rubles he received as dowry in establishing a wax seal manufacturing business (used for sealing mail) as a source of income. He took the chassid Reb Nechemiah of Dubrovna as a partner. Throughout their work, they would discuss divrei Torah. After about a month, one night they became deeply engrossed in a particularly complex sugya (Talmudic topic) and the vat containing the raw adhesive material caught fire, and they barely managed to escape from the factory that went up in flames. Afterward, the Tzemach Tzedek decided to work in carpentry, but the Rebbe's court preferred that he not engage in manual labor and appointed him as a melamed (teacher).

== Accepting the Nesius (Leadership): ==
After the histalkus (passing) of the Mitteler Rebbe on 9 Kislev 5588 (1827), an assembly of elder Chabad chassidim convened and decided to appoint the Mitteler Rebbe's son-in-law, Rabbi Menachem Mendel, to assume his father-in-law's position in leading Chabad Chassidus. This decision was based on the Mitteler Rebbe's own words when he had expressed his desire to make aliyah to Eretz Yisroel. The chassidim had asked him, "How can our Rebbe leave us like sheep without a shepherd?" To which the Mitteler Rebbe replied, "Don't you have my son-in-law, the Rov HaGaon Rabbi Menachem Mendel? He will be your faithful shepherd."

The decision from this assembly was publicized throughout all Chabad chassidic centers in Russia. A delegation of distinguished elder chassidim, including Reb Hillel Paritcher, Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Vitebsk, Reb Yitzchak Moshe of Yass, Reb Peretz Chen of Chernigov, and others, presented themselves to the Tzemach Tzedek with the assembly's decision. However, the Tzemach Tzedek refused to accept the crown of nesius. Additional delegations of chassidim came and went, but Rabbi Menachem Mendel refused them all, claiming that the nesius rightfully belonged to his uncle Reb Chaim Avraham Schneuri, the Alter Rebbe's son and the Mitteler Rebbe's brother.

In the month of Nissan, the chassidim decided that before Shavuos, all the elder chassidim would come to Lubavitch to devise a plan. About two weeks before Shavuos, several elder chassidim arrived in Lubavitch, including Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel, Reb Hillel Paritcher, and Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Vitebsk. They held another assembly and sent delegations to the Tzemach Tzedek, but these too were unsuccessful. He continued to demur, suggesting instead that they should choose either Reb Chaim Avraham (the Alter Rebbe's son), or Reb Menachem Nachum (the Mitteler Rebbe's son), or Reb Aharon of Kremenchug (one of the Alter Rebbe's grandsons).

On Tuesday, 3 Sivan 5588, three of the greatest chassidim - Reb Peretz Chen, Reb Hillel Paritcher, and Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel - came to the Tzemach Tzedek's room and pleaded with him to accept the nesius. Finally, he agreed, but with the condition that they not trouble him with requests for advice in material matters. Reb Hillel Paritcher responded saying, "Chassidim want to hear Chassidus." Shortly after, word spread that the Tzemach Tzedek would come to the shul to say Chassidus.

Indeed, the Tzemach Tzedek entered the beis medrash, which was filled with chassidim, wearing the white garments he had inherited from his grandfather, the Alter Rebbe, and began delivering a maamar (Chassidic discourse) beginning with "Al shlosha devarim ha'olam omed" (The world stands on three things).

As he began saying the maamar, Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel recalled that in his youth, he had once heard the Alter Rebbe delivering this same maamar, while the young grandson - now the Tzemach Tzedek - had been playing in the room, disturbing the chassidim's ability to hear. Reb Yitzchak Aizik had been concerned about the disruption when suddenly the Alter Rebbe stopped saying the maamar and said, "Let him be, let him be, he wants to hear. He is listening, you will yet see that he is listening!"

Now remembering this scene, a thought crossed his mind: "Indeed this is a supernal power, and the Tzemach Tzedek is revealing his hidden kochos (powers) which Hashem has granted him." While he was still thinking this, the Tzemach Tzedek suddenly stopped delivering the maamar, turned to Reb Yitzchak Aizik and said, "Would you suspect me of something I don't possess? What can I do - my grandfather, the Alter Rebbe, commanded me to say this particular maamar." He then immediately continued delivering the maamar. Thus, his ruach hakodesh (divine inspiration) was revealed publicly. At the conclusion of the maamar, all the chassidim burst into song and accompanied him home with dancing and great simcha.

== His Torah: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek was known for the many halachic responsa he would give to all who approached him. These she'eilos u'teshuvos were published in the seforim Shu"t Tzemach Tzedek.

The maamarei Chassidus and additional Igros Kodesh were published over the years in many editions.

== Chazzara (Review): ==
The Tzemach Tzedek would deliver maamarei Chassidus on Shabbos, Yomim Tovim, and other special occasions. After the team of chozrim (those who would memorize and transcribe the maamarim) had thoroughly reviewed the maamar, the manichim would enter the Rebbe's room and repeat the maamar before him. He would correct their mistakes and explain what needed clarification.

The Chozrim included:

* Rav Nachum of Strashelye
* Rav Menachem Nachum Yitzchak Aizik Chanin
* Rav DovBer Ashkenazi (Kalisker)
* Rav Isser Ber Gilerson

== His Activities: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek established a large yeshiva in Lubavitch, and in the early years of his nesius, he regularly gave shiurim to the special yungeleit in the yeshiva. His son, Rav Yisroel Noach, was the rosh magidei shiurim, and his son-in-law, Rav Levi Yitzchak Zalmanoff, was among the yeshiva's examiners.

During the period of "Gezeiras HaCantonistim" (when Jewish children were kidnapped to serve in the army for twenty-five years), the Tzemach Tzedek would secretly send messages to all communities where the kidnappers were present, ensuring they would be placed in cherem (excommunication). He would strengthen the Cantonist children to maintain their Torah and mitzvos, and worked to redeem the kidnapped children. These activities were literally life-threatening, as they were considered rebellion against the monarchy.

In 5597 (1837), he published his sefer Torah Ohr. In 5598 (1838), at the request of Chabad chassidim, he visited Mohilev, Minsk, and Vilna, returning through the Vitebsk region. During this journey, he also met with gedolei hamisnagdim who began discussing halachic matters with him. This journey helped quiet the machlokes between chassidim and misnagdim.

In 5599 (1839), he purchased a large estate including farmland and forest, establishing there a settlement for Yidden who worked the land, also providing them with work implements. In 5603 (1843), the government appointed a committee of four representatives from the Jewish population to discuss laws pertaining to Yidden, particularly regarding chinuch, and the Tzemach Tzedek was chosen as one of them. During these gatherings, which lasted several months, he stood firm on preserving authentic Yiddishkeit and chinuch al taharas hakodesh. During these meetings, he was arrested twenty-two times due to his fierce protests. Ultimately, his demands were met.

In 5605 (1845), he published the sefer Likkutei Torah containing the Alter Rebbe's maamarim with his own explanations and notations.

The Tzemach Tzedek also founded the town of Shtzedrin in 5604 (1844), settling there about three hundred families, all Chabad chassidim. Because of this, he received recognition from the Russian government and was granted the title 'Honored Citizen for Generations.'

The Tzemach Tzedek was known as a mattir agunos (one who found halachic solutions for agunos), and many agunos were sent to Lubavitch so he could find ways to free them from their status.

== His Famous Teaching: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek coined the phrase "Tracht gut vet zain gut" - think good and it will be good - a saying that was frequently quoted by the Rebbe and became a fundamental principle in Chabad Chassidus.

== His Histalkus: ==
In the month of Kislev 5620 (1860), the Tzemach Tzedek became very ill and remained so for more than six years. On Erev Shabbos Parshas Vayigash 5621, after his wife Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka's histalkus, he said to his son, the Maharash, that the holy words of the Alter Rebbe had been fulfilled - 54 years had passed since he had sighed and said to him "nad katzir b'yom nachala" (the harvest flees on a day of sickness). After the Rebbetzin's passing, the Tzemach Tzedek stopped receiving people for yechidus.

Around Tishrei 5626 (1865), he began experiencing difficulties with speech. In the winter of 5626, he sent a shliach to Mezhibuzh to place a pidyon nefesh at the kever (gravesite) of the Baal Shem Tov, but the shliach didn't fulfill his shlichus. This resulted in the Tzemach Tzedek losing 13 years from his life, since the Alter Rebbe had blessed him with arichus yamim (long life), and arichus yamim by the Alter Rebbe's standard meant at least 90 years, while the Tzemach Tzedek lived 77 years.

At the beginning of Nissan 5626, he became very weak. When they called the doctor of Lubavitch, he said he couldn't see anything wrong. The next day, the situation worsened, and the chassidim were very frightened, saying Tehillim all day and adding the name "Meir" to his name. Towards evening of 12 Nissan 5626, they said the situation had improved, but shortly after they saw there was no hope. The shamash, Reb Chaim Ber, put his ear to the Tzemach Tzedek's mouth and heard him saying "L'maan yirbu yemeichem" (That your days may be multiplied).

At eleven o'clock at night, they saw nothing could be done. His bed stood in the middle of the room with everyone standing around holding lit candles. The Tzemach Tzedek lay motionless, looking at the people. On the night of Thursday, 13 Nissan at twelve-thirty at night, he was nistalek (passed away) and his menuchas kavod (honored resting place) is in the Ohel of the Tzemach Tzedek and Maharash in Lubavitch.

After his histalkus, the Maharash said: "Know that my father has not died, and whoever wants to request something can make a request. I too have made a request."

After his histalkus, Chabad Chassidus split, with three of his sons establishing different courts in the spirit of Chabad. His successor in Lubavitch was his youngest son, the Rebbe Maharash.

== His Portrait: ==
There was a non-Jewish artist who knew the Tzemach Tzedek and very much wanted to paint him, but the Tzemach Tzedek wouldn't agree. The artist cleverly came on Shabbos to the Tzemach Tzedek's house, studied him carefully to remember his likeness, ran home, and hurried to paint him. For this reason, the Tzemach Tzedek appears in the painting wearing his white Shabbos clothes, which he had inherited from the Alter Rebbe. Later, when the Tzemach Tzedek saw the picture, he was distressed that it was painted on Shabbos - but 'consoled' himself with the fact that the artist had made two mistakes: First, he painted the Tzemach Tzedek with the left side of his garment placed over the right, while Jewish custom is the opposite. Second, he painted the sefer that the Tzemach Tzedek was holding as a secular book, read from left to right. The Rebbe once noted an additional mistake - that in the painting, the Tzemach Tzedek places his glasses on the sefer's cover - something that would never be done as it shows disrespect for the sefer.

In 5647 (1887), the portrait was restored and the mistakes were corrected, and since then it has been circulated in its corrected version.

A copy of the painting was discovered in 5751 (1991) by the librarian Berel Levine among the descendants of the Maharil of Kopust in Moscow and was published publicly.

In 5781 (2021), R' Yechiel Ofner discovered in the estate of Mrs. Hinda Gurevitch, granddaughter of Rebbetzin Beila Wells (daughter of the Mitteler Rebbe and niece of two of the Tzemach Tzedek's sons), another copy of the original portrait, apparently the earliest known version.

== His Family and Talmidim: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek had many sons and two daughters:

His Sons:

# Rabbi Baruch Shalom
# [[The Rebbe Maharil of Kopust]]
# [[The Rebbe Rashaz of Lyadi]]
# [[The Rebbe Maharin of Nezhin]]
# [[The Rebbe Rayatz of Avrutch]]
# [[The Holy Rav Yaakov of Orsha]]
# [[The Rebbe Maharash]]

His Daughters:

# Rebbetzin Rada Freida Schneerson, wife of Rav Schneor Schneerson
# Rebbetzin Devorah Leah Zalmanson, wife of Rav Levi Yitzchak Zalmanson

=== Distinguished Chassidim: ===
Among the distinguished chassidim of the Tzemach Tzedek were:

* Rabbi Hillel Paritcher
* Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fradkin of Lublin, author of "Toras Chesed"
* Rabbi Avraham Dovid Lavut, author of "Shaar HaKollel"
* Rabbi Peretz Chen

== His Works: ==

# Tzemach Tzedek - Halachic responsa, rulings, and Talmudic novellae. The sefer's name hints at the author's name (in Yiddish spelling) - "Menachem Mendel" in gematria equals "Tzemach Tzedek"
# Derech Mitzvosecha - Explanations of mitzvos according to Chassidus
# Biurei HaZohar - Commentary on passages from the Zohar
# Sefer HaChakirah - Derech Emunah - A philosophical-research work in the style of the Rambam's "Moreh Nevuchim"
# Ohr HaTorah - 42 volumes of Chassidic explanations on Torah, holidays, and Tanach
# Sefer HaLikkutim - A series of dozens of volumes collecting his Torah teachings alphabetically
# Igros Kodesh - 90 of his letters, annotated edition with introduction
# Yahel Ohr - On Tehillim

== His Niggunim: ==

# [[Niggun "Yemin Hashem Romeima"]]
# [[Niggun "Ashrei Ish"]]
# [[Niggun Deveikus attributed to the Tzemach Tzedek]]
# [[Niggun Deveikus]]
# [[Niggun "Hodi'eini Hashem Kitzi"]]
# [[Niggun "K'Ayal Ta'arog"]]
# [[Niggun "Keli Atah"]]

[[Category:Chabad Rebbes]]
[[Category:The Tzemach Tzedek]]
[[he:רבי מנחם מענדל שניאורסון (אדמו"ר הצמח צדק)]]

The Mitteler Rebbe

2025-02-11T16:25:36Z

להתראות:

The Mitteler Rebbe (Middle Rebbe), Rabbi DovBer Schneuri - originally in Yiddish "Der Mitteler Rebbe" - (9 Kislev 5534 - 9 Kislev 5588), was the second Rebbe in the dynasty of Chabad Rebbes and successor to his father, the Alter Rebbe. His nesius (leadership) was characterized by harchava (expansiveness and abundance), and he wrote and delivered thousands of maamarim (Chassidic discourses). He became known as the "Mitteler Rebbe" after his histalkus (passing), following the appointment of the third Rebbe of Chabad, the Tzemach Tzedek.

== Life History ==
After 14 years of marriage during which only daughters were born, his father, [[the Alter Rebbe]], traveled to his Rebbe, the Maggid of Mezritch, for a bracha for a son. The Maggid promised that if he would excel in hachnosas orchim (hospitality), he would merit a son, hinting to this from the possuk "Bameh yizakeh naar - es archo" (how shall a young man merit - through his ways/guests).

On the final Shabbos of the Maggid's life, Parshas Vayishlach 5533, he revealed to the Alter Rebbe the inner meanings of the "Shalom Zachar" and "Vach Nacht" ceremonies, promising him a son whom he should name after him (DovBer).

One year later, on 9 Kislev 5534, DovBer was born, the Alter Rebbe's first son. At his birth, his father provided a special piece of fabric to wrap the infant after his first washing.

The bris milah was attended by several of the Maggid's greatest talmidim, including Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk and Rabbi Avraham of Kalisk.

== Education ==
The Alter Rebbe hired a special melamed (teacher) from among the Maggid's talmidim to teach his son Torah and guide his development. An additional melamed was Reb Avraham of Liepli.

From his earliest years, his extraordinary kochos (abilities) were evident to all. He would engage in pilpul (scholarly discourse) with his father's senior chassidim. He had a special interest in recording his observations of his father's hanhagos. From childhood, he was known for his ability to write with exceptional speed and clarity.

== Bar Mitzvah ==
His Bar Mitzvah celebration drew chassidim from throughout the region, despite the Alter Rebbe's general rule against chassidim visiting during Cheshvan and Kislev. The rule was suspended for this simcha.

On the Bar Mitzvah day - Thursday, 9 Kislev 5547 - candles were lit throughout the beis medrash courtyard, which was specially expanded for the many guests. During krias haTorah, while the Bar Mitzvah bochur didn't receive an aliyah, his father was called for shlishi and afterward recited "Boruch Sheptarani" with Shem uMalchus.

After davening, the Alter Rebbe delivered a maamar on the possuk "Ki lekach tov," followed by the Bar Mitzvah bochur's discourse on "Maggid d'vorov l'Yaakov." The Alter Rebbe entered a state of deep dveikus and began singing the Niggun Daled Bavos.

== Marriage ==
In 5548, at age 14, the Mitteler Rebbe was matched with Shaina, daughter of Reb Yaakov, a poor melamed from Yanowitz near Liozna. This shidduch came about when Shaina's father expressed concern to the Alter Rebbe about being unable to focus on his davening due to worry about marrying off his three daughters. The Alter Rebbe suggested his son as a match, knowing this would encourage other chassidim to seek shidduchim with the remaining daughters.

== Lubavitch ==
Description of the Town of Lubavitch [Expanded entry - Lubavitch] The journey concluded with the Mitteler Rebbe choosing the town of Lubavitch as his residence, arriving there with thousands of chassidim on the 18th of Elul 5573. Upon arrival, the Mitteler Rebbe told the chassidim that the Alter Rebbe had studied in Lubavitch during his youth under Rabbi Yissachar Ber of Lubavitch. He added that the Alter Rebbe had appeared to him and requested that he establish his seat in Lubavitch.

Prince Tchekhovskiy, who ruled over the town, commanded his workers to cut trees from his forests to build homes for the Rebbe and the chassidim.

From Lubavitch, the Rebbe's teachings - Toras Chassidus Chabad - began spreading throughout White Russia and Lithuania, and the number of visitors to Lubavitch steadily increased.

A year after establishing his residence in Lubavitch, many of the elder chassidim who had been close to his father, the Alter Rebbe, began coming to hear Chassidus from him. All were filled with amazement at the leadership of the new Rebbe and the chassidic discourses (maamarim) which he delivered abundantly, as was his way. Sometimes he would deliver Chassidus multiple times during the same Shabbos, each time for several hours. On one Shavuos, the Rebbe said Chassidus 11 times in one day! Regarding this, his uncle Rabbi Yehuda Leib, the Alter Rebbe's brother, remarked: "Lav kol mocha sovil da" (not every mind can bear this).

During his nesius (leadership), the number of chassidim multiplied two and threefold compared to their numbers during the Alter Rebbe's time. The elder chassidim related that in his first year of leadership alone, fifteen thousand new chassidim joined in White Russia alone, and in the second year, 5575, the entire Chernigov region became a center of Lubavitch Chassidus.

== Chevron ==
[Expanded entry - [[The Mitteler Rebbe's Synagogue in Chevron]]] In 5583, Chabad chassidim ascended to Chevron, and the Mitteler Rebbe purchased a room in the Sephardic synagogue "Avraham Avinu" and designated it as a special synagogue for Chabad chassidim. This synagogue is today the oldest Chabad synagogue in the world.

== Imprisonment and Liberation ==
[Expanded entry - [[The Imprisonment and Liberation of the Mitteler Rebbe]]] In 5585, a Jew named Simcha Kissin submitted a denouncement to the authorities claiming that the Chassidic movement under the Mitteler Rebbe's leadership was a cult that entrapped thousands of chassidim to increase the Rebbe's wealth. This accusation was based on a forgery of the Mitteler Rebbe's letter and on the fundraising conducted to rebuild the court following the fire during the Alter Rebbe's time. As a result, the Mitteler Rebbe was arrested on Isru Chag Sukkos 5587. After investigations and examinations, the investigators realized that false accusations had been made against him, and on 10 Kislev 5587, he was released from imprisonment. This date was established for generations as a Holiday of Liberation (Chag HaGeulah).

== Histalkus (Passing) ==
Before his histalkus, the Mitteler Rebbe hinted to the chassidim about it by saying that 5588 would be a year of gezeiros (decrees). Before the Tishrei holidays of 5588, he left Lubavitch to visit his father's tziyun (gravesite) in Haditch. During the return journey, he became very ill, and they stopped to rest in Nezhin. His illness grew worse day by day, and he would faint whenever touched. This condition continued until 8 Kislev. On that day, he wanted to write Chassidus about Chanukah matters, but since the world was in tzaar (distress), he didn't want to indulge in writing Chassidus and therefore didn't write. Instead, he told his chassidim to go home b'simcha (with joy) and say "l'chaim". During the night, he fainted many times, and when he awoke, he requested to be dressed in a white kittel. His face reddened, and he began praising and finding merit for all of Klal Yisrael. He again requested the chassidim to be joyful, saying that simcha sweetens dinim (harsh decrees).

On the eve of Wednesday, 9 Kislev 5588, the Mitteler Rebbe began saying a chassidic discourse with great hislahavus (enthusiasm) on the possuk "Acharei Hashem teileichu" (After Hashem you shall follow). Toward dawn, he concluded the maamar with the words "ki imcha mekor chaim mechayei hachaim" (for with You is the source of life from the Life of life) and was nistalek at age 54. His honorable resting place is in Nezhin.

The Mitteler Rebbe left a Sefer Torah that was inherited by his son Rabbi Menachem Nachum and from there to his grandchildren, the Popka family; R' Yitzchak Chaim Popka and R' Mordechai DovBer Popka. Today, the Sefer Torah is kept in the "Beis Torah Damesek Eliezer" synagogue in Flatbush.

== Explanation of His Histalkus on His Birthday ==
The Mitteler Rebbe was nistalek on his birthday, 9 Kislev. The Rebbe (the Lubavitcher Rebbe) noted regarding this the Chazal's statement that "HaKadosh Baruch Hu sits and fills the years of tzaddikim from day to day and from month to month, as it says: 'The number of your days I shall fill'" - from which we see there is a special quality when a tzaddik's histalkus occurs on his birthday, making his years and days complete. The Rebbe adds that all tzaddikim have this quality of Hashem filling their years, but for most, it isn't visible in the physical realm. This was the special quality of the Mitteler Rebbe - that this concept was expressed even in gashmiyus (physicality).

This aspect fits with his avodah throughout his life - to bring the highest concepts of Chassidus even into physical flesh and material matters. As his son-in-law, the Tzemach Tzedek, expressed: "If they would cut my father-in-law's finger, Chassidus would flow instead of blood." He influenced his chassidim in this direction as well, stating that his desire was "that when two young men meet in the marketplace, they should discuss Chassidus," and that "when young men understand Kesser like they understand their five fingers, I will have satisfaction from this."

== His Torah ==
The Mitteler Rebbe would deliver chassidic discourses in sequences two or three times every Shabbos, each time speaking for between 45 minutes to an hour. On Yom Kippur, he would say Chassidus three times: on Erev Yom Kippur morning after Shacharis (they would pray early), at the conclusion of Yom Kippur, and the morning after Yom Kippur before Shacharis.

Before delivering a maamar, he would write it in his own handwriting, and consequently, there aren't many transcripts (hanachos) from chassidim of his maamarim. On occasions when the Mitteler Rebbe didn't provide his own written version but rather the transcript from his father's (the Alter Rebbe's) maamar on which his discourse was based, we are missing the chiddushim (novel insights) that the Mitteler Rebbe added to those maamarim of his father that he then delivered. The Mitteler Rebbe's written maamarim are similar in style to his father's, the Alter Rebbe's, and he would add his explanations and elaborations throughout. His speaking style was lengthy and explanatory, different from his father's.

== His Seforim ==
A large portion of the maamarim that the Mitteler Rebbe delivered were printed by him in seforim that he published during his years of nesius, and apparently underwent editing for publication. The Rebbe specifically noted the Mitteler Rebbe's tremendous effort and toil in publishing his seforim, even going so far as to publish them in separate booklets to make it easier for chassidim of limited means to purchase them - an innovation not found among our other Rebbeim.

Another portion of his seforim were printed only after his histalkus.

=== Seforim Published During His Lifetime: ===

# Siddur with Dach (Chassidic discourses) and Biurei HaZohar from his father's maamarim, written by him (hence the sefer "Biurei HaZohar" is sometimes attributed to the Mitteler Rebbe) (5576)
# Kuntres Pokeach Ivrim - Guidance for baalei teshuvah (5577, originally written in Yiddish)
# Shaarei Teshuvah - On teshuvah, tefillah, and free choice (5577 - Part 1, 5578 - Part 2)
# Derech Chaim - Part 3 of Shaarei Teshuvah. Printed in subsequent editions as a separate volume (5579)
# Ner Mitzvah V'Torah Or, divided into two parts:
#* Shaar HaEmunah - Discourses on faith and Pesach topics
#* Shaar HaYichud - Explanation of contemplation according to the order of hishtalshelus (5580)
# Imrei Binah - On the mitzvos of Krias Shema and G-d's unity, tefillin, and tzitzis (5581)
# Ateres Rosh - Maamarim for the Yamim Noraim (High Holidays) (5581)
# Shaarei Orah - Maamarim for Chanukah and Purim (5582)
# Toras Chaim - Maamarim on the Torah portions:
#* Bereishis Part 1 (until Chayei Sarah) - printed by the Mitteler Rebbe himself
#* Bereishis Part 2 (Toldos-Vayechi) - printed in 5626 by his son
#* Shemos - printed in 5707 by the Rebbe (5586)

=== Seforim Published After His Histalkus: ===

# Kuntres Bad Kodesh - A petition letter to the Vitebsk district governor requesting fair judgment, written during his imprisonment
# Peirush HaMilos - Explanations on prayer
# Piskei Dinim - Halachic rulings on Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah and Even HaEzer
# Maamarei Admur HaEmtzai - His remaining unpublished maamarim that reached us, published in the seventh generation under the Rebbe's direction: On Torah, Nach, wedding discourses, and various kuntreisim (18 volumes - 5745-5751)
# Maamarim Yekarim - His holy manuscripts of teachings received from his father, the Alter Rebbe
# Igros Kodesh - His letters that reached us. Printed in two volumes containing letters of the Alter Rebbe, the Mitteler Rebbe, and the Tzemach Tzedek

[[he:רבי דובער שניאורי (אדמו"ר האמצעי)]]

The Alter Rebbe

2025-02-11T16:24:37Z

להתראות:

Rabbi Schneur Zalman Boruchovitch of Liadi - known as '''the Alter Rebbe''', the Rav HaMaggid of Liozna, or the Baal HaTanya and Shulchan Aruch - (18 Elul 5505 - 24 Teves 5573), was one of the primary disciples of the Maggid of Mezritch. He is the founder of Chabad Chassidus and the first Rebbe in the Chabad dynasty. He authored the Tanya, the foundational text of Chabad Chassidus, and wrote the "Shulchan Aruch HaRav."

== Early Life ==
The Alter Rebbe's parents, Rabbi Boruch Pozner (a descendant of the Maharal of Prague) and Rivka, were married on Friday, 17 Elul 5503. After approximately ten months without children, following the advice of Rabbi Yitzchak Shaul, a friend of Rabbi Boruch, the couple traveled to seek the blessing of the Baal Shem Tov. In the month of Menachem Av 5504, they arrived at the Baal Shem Tov's court, and he promised them that within a year they would have a son. They remained with the Baal Shem Tov for some time, and during the celebration of the Baal Shem Tov's birthday on 18 Elul, he turned to Rabbi Boruch and said, "At exactly this time next year, you will embrace a son."

Before leaving Mezhibuzh, they entered the Baal Shem Tov's room to receive his parting blessing. Rebbetzin Rivka told the Baal Shem Tov that when Hashem fulfills his holy blessing, she would dedicate the child to Torah and Divine service in the way of the Baal Shem Tov. The Baal Shem Tov blessed them, and they returned home with joy. Exactly one year later, on Wednesday, 18 Elul 5505, Schneur Zalman was born in a small village near Liozna.

== Childhood and Youth ==
From his earliest years, the young Schneur Zalman displayed extraordinary intellectual gifts. By age two, his parents noticed his exceptional memory and comprehension, as he could recite many chapters of Tehillim by heart. At age eight, he wrote a commentary on Torah incorporating the explanations of Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Ramban.

At age nine, his father took him to Lubavitch to study under Rabbi Yissachar Dov. By age eleven, Rabbi Yissachar Dov told Rabbi Boruch that his son no longer needed teachers, and Rabbi Boruch brought him back home to Liozna.
Bar Mitzvah
The Bar Mitzvah celebration in 5518 was attended by leading Torah scholars of the generation from Vitebsk, Polotsk, and Minsk. His father Rabbi Boruch and grandfather Rabbi Moshe arranged seven days of festive meals, with Torah insights shared each day. The young Schneur Zalman's insights surpassed all others and were recorded by his brother Rabbi Yehuda Leib of Minovich. All the scholars conferred upon him the titles of "Gaon" and "Rav Tanna Hu U'Palig."

Shortly after his Bar Mitzvah, he traveled to Vitebsk to his uncle Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak of Shrei, where he stayed for several months. There, he first heard about the ways of Chassidus and the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov, though at the time he did not know these were the Baal Shem Tov's teachings. He later related that during his stay with his uncle, each day felt like Yom Tov.

== Marriage ==
When the Alter Rebbe reached marriageable age - at fourteen - his reputation as a gaon (genius) had already spread throughout the region.

Reb Yehuda Leib Segal, one of the wealthy and distinguished residents of Vitebsk, took him as a son-in-law for his daughter, Rebbetzin Sterna. Initially, the wedding was set for Elul 5519, but since the Alter Rebbe's father Rabbi Boruch had to travel at the beginning of Elul, the wedding was postponed.

The mechutan (in-law) Reb Yehuda Leib Segal demanded to hold the wedding in the winter of 5520, but Rabbi Boruch did not agree. After Pesach, Rabbi Boruch traveled again and returned in the month of Tammuz, when he set the wedding date for Friday, Erev Shabbos Nachamu, 12 Menachem Av 5520.

One of the conditions the Alter Rebbe stipulated in agreeing to the shidduch was that he would receive control over the five thousand gold coins that were brought as his dowry, to use as he saw fit. Indeed, in the first year after his marriage, with his wife's consent, he gave the entire sum to families who wished to earn their livelihood from working the land. With this money, he helped them purchase land and farming equipment. Through this initiative, large settlements of Jewish farmers were established along the Dvina River that crosses through Vitebsk. The Alter Rebbe visited these settlements frequently, encouraging the Jews to establish fixed times for Torah study, and would often share stories from Torah and Chazal.

By age eighteen, he was thoroughly versed in all of Talmud with its commentaries, including the works of the Rishonim and Acharonim.

== In Mezeritch ==
Although the Alter Rebbe, Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, did not meet the Baal Shem Tov except at his upsherin at the age of three, he referred to the Baal Shem Tov as his spiritual grandfather. He remarked, "Reb Boruch of Medzhybizh is the Baal Shem Tov's physical grandson, and I am his spiritual grandson." This statement can be explained in two ways: either through his first teacher, Rabbi Yissachar Ber of Lubavitch, a disciple of the Baal Shem Tov, or through his primary teacher, the Maggid of Mezeritch, who was one of the foremost students of the Baal Shem Tov.

After Pesach in the year 5524 (1764), with his wife's consent, he embarked on fulfilling the teaching "Exile yourself to a place of Torah."

After deliberation, he chose to travel to Mezeritch to study under Rabbi Dovber, the Maggid of Mezeritch. His primary reasoning was that while in Vilna, they teach how to learn, something he already mastered, in Mezeritch, they teach how to daven, a skill he had yet to acquire.

When the Alter Rebbe decided to remain in Mezeritch, the Maggid revealed to him the words of the Baal Shem Tov: that he was a new soul (neshama chadasha) of Atzilus revealed in a physical body. His mission was to reveal and explain the Baal Shem Tov's teachings concerning the love of Hashem, love of Israel, and the path of Chabad Chassidus, emphasizing that one must love a fellow Jew simply because they are a Jew. The Alter Rebbe would later say that in Mezeritch, he learned what Hashem is, what Yisroel is, and the power of a niggun.

In Mezeritch, the Alter Rebbe learned b’chavrusa (in partnership) with Rabbi Avraham the Malach, the son of the Maggid.

After spending a year and a half in Mezeritch, he returned to his home in Vitebsk and began spreading the teachings of Chassidus, as established by the Baal Shem Tov. The Alter Rebbe revolutionized Vitebsk; even its great scholars were astounded by his profound genius. When his father-in-law, Reb Yehuda Leib Segal, observed that his son-in-law had become a "chassid," he began to make his life difficult, even pressuring his daughter to divorce him. When she refused, her father expelled her from his home.

== The founding of Chassidus Chabad ==
'''Expanded Entry''' – ''The Founding of Chabad Chassidus''

When the Alter Rebbe returned from Mezritch for the first time, he shared that the Maggid revealed to him that one of his missions in this world was to reveal the teachings of Chabad Chassidus. In the year 5532 (1772), as the Russians took control of the Vitebsk and Liozna regions from the Poles, the Alter Rebbe founded the Chabad Chassidic path—serving Hashem with ''Chochmah'', ''Binah'', and ''Daas'' (wisdom, understanding, and knowledge).

Following the dissemination of this approach by the Alter Rebbe and his emissaries, hundreds of young scholars joined the movement. At the Alter Rebbe's side in the founding of Chabad stood his brother, Reb Yehudah Leib Posner. Over the next four years, Chabad Chassidus spread among hundreds of additional elevated individuals. After the passing of the Maggid of Mezritch and the departure of Reb Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk (the most prominent disciple) to Eretz Yisrael, the leadership of Chassidus in Lithuania transitioned to the Alter Rebbe. By the year 5540 (1780), Chabad Chassidim numbered approximately 15,000 families throughout Russia.

During this time (5532/1772), the Alter Rebbe advocated that the Jews residing in the city of Vitebsk should relocate across the border into Russian territory.

== Nasi of Chassidus Chabad ==
'''Expanded Entry''' – ''[[Gatherings of the Maggid’s Disciples]]''

On the 18th of Kislev 5533 (1772), the Maggid of Mezritch requested that the Alter Rebbe do all he could to ensure that his son, Reb Avraham the Malach, would succeed him. If Reb Avraham declined, the Maggid instructed that Reb Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk should assume the position. The following day, on the 19th of Kislev, the Maggid passed away, and his prominent disciples dispersed to various countries to spread the teachings of Chassidus. Reb Avraham the Malach resided in the region of Volhynia, while Reb Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk resided in Russia. The Alter Rebbe and the Maggid’s other disciples immediately submitted a written bond of allegiance to Reb Avraham the Malach.

At that time, opposition to the Chassidic movement was at its peak. Overcoming this resistance required a steadfast leader who could face the challenges. Therefore, Reb Avraham the Malach convened a gathering and decided to appoint an administrative council with a chairman empowered to direct all Chassidic centers as needed for the dissemination of Chassidus. The Alter Rebbe was chosen as chairman. He held this position for three years, during which he traveled extensively to strengthen the Maggid’s disciples in their respective locations.

In the year 5536 (1776), the Alter Rebbe established "Chadorim" (study groups) in Liozna, attracting young scholars from the entire region who devoted themselves to Torah study under the guidance and structure laid out by the Alter Rebbe. It was during this period that the Alter Rebbe's leadership began to take on the unique character of Chabad, which became increasingly defined over time. Before long, news spread that a new branch of Chassidus had emerged—Chabad Chassidus.

== The Move to Liozna ==
During this period, the Alter Rebbe received offers to serve as the Rabbi of Vitebsk and Liozna. He chose Liozna after its residents agreed to his condition that they provide for the financial needs of himself, his three brothers and their families, the young scholars and students of the "Chadorim," as well as visiting Chassidim from Russia and Lithuania. In Elul 5536 (1776), the Alter Rebbe set out for Liozna, arriving there in Shevat 5538 (1778).

By this time, the Alter Rebbe was already leading thousands of Chassidim but was not yet officially recognized as a "Rebbe." The desire of his Chassidim for a ''Rebbe'' who could be physically present with them grew stronger. They expressed their longing to Reb Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk, who, in a letter, granted them permission to seek guidance and strength from "the Tzaddikim and Chassidim, the Rabbis and upright ones… whose words are like fiery coals of divine counsel and wisdom," referring to luminaries such as Reb Yisroel of Polotsk, Reb Yissachar Ber of Liadi, and "the honored Rabbi Schneur Zalman (the Alter Rebbe)… may their names be eternal."

This arrangement continued for a time, with Reb Mendel serving as the uncontested leader, while these three Tzaddikim acted as his deputies in guiding the Chassidim in spiritual matters. Over time, however, Reb Mendel observed that some of the Chassidim had begun seeking Torah guidance from other Tzaddikim across Eastern Europe. Faced with this growing phenomenon, he decided to appoint the Alter Rebbe as the leader of the Chassidim in Russia.

== The Journey to the Vilna Gaon ==
After the passing of the Maggid of Mezritch, the opposition to Chassidus intensified. In 5534 (1774), Reb Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk and the Alter Rebbe traveled to Vilna to meet with the Vilna Gaon in an attempt to prove that the Chassidim had not deviated from the Torah’s path and to put an end to the opposition. However, the Gaon refused to meet them and left Vilna, only returning after the Alter Rebbe and Reb Menachem Mendel had departed.

The Alter Rebbe later wrote:

''"From the very outset, we informed [the Vilna Gaon] and went to his house to debate with him and to remove his complaints against us. I was there with the holy Rav Menachem Mendel of Horodok, zt"l. Twice, he shut the door in our faces… When we persisted in urging him, he left the city and remained away until our departure…"''

Recognizing that they could not pacify the opposition, Reb Menachem Mendel decided to journey to Eretz Yisrael, accompanied by several of the Maggid’s disciples.

== Reb Menachem Mendel Departs for Eretz Yisrael ==
In the year 5537 (1777), Reb Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk and approximately three hundred Chassidic families embarked on the journey to Eretz Yisrael. Before leaving, Reb Menachem Mendel appointed the Alter Rebbe as the leader of the Chassidim in Russia and Lithuania. He gave him the responsibility of spreading the teachings of Chassidus and guiding the Chassidim in their service of Hashem.

Following his arrival in Eretz Yisrael, Reb Menachem Mendel remained in close contact with the Alter Rebbe and his Chassidim. He encouraged them to rely on the Alter Rebbe for all spiritual guidance and leadership, referring to him as “the great and awesome one, the light of Israel.”

It was around this time that the Alter Rebbe formally established the Chabad Chassidic path, focusing on the principles of ''Chochmah'' (wisdom), ''Binah'' (understanding), and ''Daas'' (knowledge) as the foundation for serving Hashem.

== The Structure of Chabad Leadership ==
Under the Alter Rebbe’s leadership, Chabad Chassidus became known for its unique structure and emphasis on intellectual and emotional refinement. The Alter Rebbe established a system of ''mashpi’im'' (spiritual mentors) who were responsible for guiding individuals in their personal service of Hashem. These ''mashpi’im'' were tasked with teaching Chassidus and ensuring that each Chossid internalized its teachings in a way that transformed their character and elevated their service.

Additionally, the Alter Rebbe encouraged his Chassidim to engage in ''avodas ha’tfila'' (the service of prayer), emphasizing the importance of davening with deep concentration and heartfelt devotion. He taught that through prayer, a person could connect with Hashem in a profound and personal way, allowing the teachings of Chassidus to penetrate their heart and soul.

== Opposition to Chabad Chassidus ==
As the influence of Chabad Chassidus grew, so did the opposition to it. The Misnagdim (opponents of Chassidus) accused the Chassidim of introducing new practices and deviating from traditional Judaism. They claimed that the Chassidim placed too much emphasis on prayer and emotional fervor, at the expense of Torah study and halachic observance.

In response, the Alter Rebbe composed letters and writings defending the teachings of Chassidus and explaining its foundations in Torah. He emphasized that Chassidus was not a new movement, but rather a deepening of the existing traditions of Jewish life and a means of bringing every Jew closer to Hashem.

== The Tanya – The Foundation of Chabad Chassidus ==
One of the Alter Rebbe’s most significant contributions to Chabad Chassidus was the publication of the Tanya, also known as ''Likkutei Amarim''. This foundational text, first printed in 5557 (1796), serves as a guide for every Jew in their service of Hashem. The Tanya addresses the struggles of the soul, offering practical advice for overcoming challenges and achieving spiritual growth.

The Tanya is structured in a way that speaks to the intellect and the heart, combining deep philosophical concepts with practical guidance. It explains the nature of the soul, the purpose of creation, and the path to achieving closeness to Hashem through Torah, mitzvos, and prayer.

The publication of the Tanya marked a turning point in the development of Chabad Chassidus, solidifying its unique identity and providing a framework for its teachings.

== The Arrest and Liberation of the Alter Rebbe ==
In 5559 (1798), the Alter Rebbe was arrested by the Russian authorities on charges of inciting rebellion against the government. The accusations were based on his efforts to strengthen Jewish communities and his support for the Jewish settlers in Eretz Yisrael, which some claimed was a political threat to the Russian Empire.

During his imprisonment, the Alter Rebbe wrote extensively, composing many of the teachings that would later be included in his works. After 53 days in prison, he was released on the 19th of Kislev, a day that has since been celebrated as the “Rosh Hashanah of Chassidus.”

The liberation of the Alter Rebbe was seen as a divine endorsement of Chassidus, and it strengthened the resolve of the Chassidim to continue spreading its teachings.

== Liadi ==
After the Alter Rebbe’s second imprisonment, the authorities requested that he reside in Petersburg. This decision caused great distress among the chassidim who lived far from Petersburg, as they feared losing proximity to their Rebbe. During that period, Prince Lubomirski, a prominent nobleman in Petersburg, expressed interest in meeting the Alter Rebbe. One of the chassidim described the greatness of the Alter Rebbe to the prince, including the deep admiration felt by thousands of his followers and the sorrow caused by the government’s decision to relocate the Alter Rebbe to Petersburg.

When Prince Lubomirski met the Alter Rebbe, he offered to advocate with the authorities to allow the Rebbe to settle in one of the towns under his jurisdiction. The Alter Rebbe agreed to settle in the town of Liadi, and the prince ordered the construction of homes for the Alter Rebbe and his chassidim.

On Friday, Erev Shabbos Nachamu, 14 Menachem Av 5561 (1801), the Alter Rebbe, accompanied by 5,000 chassidim, arrived in Liadi. From then on, both the Alter Rebbe and his chassidim experienced relief from the opposition of the misnagdim, and they lived in peace and contentment. During this time, the Alter Rebbe’s communal activities expanded throughout White Russia and Ukraine, resulting in tens of thousands of new chassidim joining the movement.

== The Napoleonic War ==
When the Napoleonic War erupted between Napoleon and the Russian Empire, the Alter Rebbe made his opinion known to the chassidim. He explained that if Napoleon were victorious, it might lead to material relief for the Jews, but spiritually, it could bring increased heresy and moral decline, Heaven forbid.

To prevent this outcome, the Alter Rebbe did everything within his power to assist the Russian army. Immediately after Napoleon’s forces invaded Russia on 14 Tammuz 5572 (1812), the Alter Rebbe sent several chassidim to act as spies within the French army. Among these spies was the well-known chassid Reb Moshe Meizlish.

=== '''the Letter:''' ===
The Alter Rebbe sent a letter to all the Jews of Russia, urging them to support the Russian government with their money, efforts, and resources. He concluded the letter with the following words:

''"Do not let your hearts falter, and do not be impressed by the temporary victories of the enemy, for the ultimate victory will be on the side of the Russian King."''

== Fleeing Liadi ==
Initially, the Alter Rebbe refused to leave Liadi during the war, as he did not want to dishearten the Jews of White Russia. However, when Napoleon’s forces rapidly approached Liadi, he instructed the town’s Jewish residents to evacuate immediately. On Friday, 29 Menachem Av 5572 (1812), the Alter Rebbe, along with his family and 300 chassidic families, fled the town in haste to avoid falling into the hands of Napoleon's army.

Before departing, the Alter Rebbe instructed the chassidim to take all their belongings, including beds, tables, and even shtenders (prayer stands). Any old items were to be burned. After the chassidim had left and traveled some distance, the Alter Rebbe instructed them to return to Liadi to ensure nothing had been left behind. Upon their return, they discovered an old pair of slippers, which the Alter Rebbe ordered to be burned, along with the entire house in which they were found.

Shortly after the Alter Rebbe’s departure, Napoleon himself arrived in Liadi. Upon seeing the Alter Rebbe’s home in flames, Napoleon ordered his soldiers to extinguish the fire. However, the blaze was so intense that they could not approach. Desperate to obtain something that had belonged to the Alter Rebbe, Napoleon offered large sums of money to anyone who could retrieve an item connected to him, but nothing was found.

== The Journey to Haditch ==
For 140 days, the Alter Rebbe and the chassidim endured a difficult journey, accompanied by Russian soldiers, until they reached the village of Piena, where they found some relief. During their time in Piena, news arrived that Napoleon’s army was suffering defeats, fulfilling the Alter Rebbe’s predictions. As the Mitteler Rebbe later wrote:

''"On Yud-Tes Kislev, we heard of the enemy’s downfall near Krasna, and they were driven away like dogs. We rejoiced greatly, for everything came to pass exactly as foretold."''

Following the Alter Rebbe’s departure from Liadi, the center of Chabad Chassidus relocated to Lyubavitch, where the Mitteler Rebbe established his residence a year later.

== The Alter Rebbe’s Final Days ==
On Friday, 8 Teves 5573 (1813), the Alter Rebbe reached the village of Piena and received news of the destruction wrought in White Russia. On Thursday, 21 Teves, the Alter Rebbe davened Maariv for the last time. His sons later recounted that this tefillah was marked by extraordinary clarity and dveikus.

Before his passing, the Alter Rebbe stated:

''"Whoever grasps my ‘handle’ (i.e., follows my teachings and ways), I will do good for them in this world and the next."''

He also shared profound teachings on the nature of the soul’s transition from this world to the next, emphasizing that the spiritual state of a person’s life on earth determines their experience after passing.

== The Passing of the Alter Rebbe ==
On Motzaei Shabbos Parshas Shemos, 24 Teves 5573 (1813), shortly after Maariv and havdalah, at precisely 10:22 PM, the Alter Rebbe passed away.

== Burial in Haditch ==
Since there was no Jewish cemetery in Piena, the Alter Rebbe’s body was transported by sled to the town of Haditch, about 300 kilometers away. Along the way, the entourage experienced a frightening incident when a non-kosher animal attempted to enter under the sled. After driving it away, the journey continued without further disturbance.

The Alter Rebbe was laid to rest in the Jewish cemetery in Haditch, where an ''ohel'' was later built over his gravesite. Following the burial, the Tzemach Tzedek moved to Haditch to reside near the holy resting place of his grandfather.

[[he:רבי שניאור זלמן מליאדי (אדמו"ר הזקן)]]

Lubavitch

2025-02-11T16:23:25Z

להתראות:

[[File:Lubavitch today.jpg|alt=Lubavitch today|thumb|Lubavitch ]]

'''Lubavitch''' ([[Russian]]: Любавичи) is a small rural locality in the Rudnyansky District of [[Smolensk]] Oblast, [[Russia]]. It is situated approximately 15 kilometers southwest of [[Rudnya]] and 63 kilometers west of Smolensk. The town holds immense historical and spiritual significance as the original center of the [[Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic]] movement, which derived its name from the town. Lubavitch served as the residence of the [[Chabad Rebbes]] from 1813 to 1915. Today, it is visited by Chabad adherents and Jewish pilgrims from around the world who come to connect with their spiritual heritage.

== Population ==
At its peak, Lubavitch was home to hundreds of Jewish families, with a vibrant community life centered around study, prayer, and trade. Jews in Lubavitch worked as merchants, craftsmen, and scholars. During the annual January fairs, the Jewish traders would showcase their skills and goods, attracting buyers and sellers from across the region.

Over time, as political and economic circumstances shifted, the Jewish population in Lubavitch dwindled. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emigration and upheavals left the town with far fewer residents.

== History ==
[[File:The city of lubavitch.jpg|thumb|A drawing of the map of the town of Lubavitch, as reproduced by the students who studied at the yeshiva]]
Lubavitch's significance is deeply intertwined with its role as the seat of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. Below is a chronological outline of its key historical periods:

*'''1) Period of Rabbi Shneur Zalman ([[the Alter Rebbe]])'''

Lubavitch became associated with Chabad during the time of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the movement. Although the Alter Rebbe himself never lived in Lubavitch, his teachings and leadership paved the way for the town to later become the center of Chabad.

*'''2) Period of Rabbi Dovber ([[the Mitteler Rebbe]])'''

Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of Chabad, moved to Lubavitch in 1813. He established the town as the movement's headquarters and oversaw the construction of institutions to promote Hasidic study and life. His leadership attracted a growing number of Hasidim to the town.

*'''3) Period of Rabbi Menachem Mendel ([[the Tzemach Tzedek]])'''

Under Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, known as the Tzemach Tzedek, Lubavitch flourished as a center of Torah learning and Chassidic thought. The Tzemach Tzedek's leadership extended beyond the town, influencing Jewish communities throughout the Russian Empire. His scholarly works remain foundational texts in Chabad philosophy.

*'''4) Period of Rabbi Shmuel ([[the Maharash]])'''

Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn, the fourth Rebbe of Chabad, continued his predecessors' legacy in Lubavitch. Known for his efforts to address the challenges faced by Russian Jewry during times of persecution, the Maharash strengthened the community’s resilience and spirit.

*'''5) [[Destruction of Lubavitch]].'''

Throughout its history, Lubavitch endured many challenges, including fires, pogroms, and political turmoil. During periods of war, the town was often a site of conflict due to its strategic location. Despite these hardships, the Jewish community repeatedly rebuilt and preserved its heritage.

*'''6) Period of Rabbi Sholom Dovber ([[the Rashab]])'''
Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, the fifth Rebbe of Chabad, expanded the movement's institutions in Lubavitch. He established the Tomchei Temimim yeshiva, which became a cornerstone of Chabad education. The Rashab’s leadership brought spiritual and intellectual growth to the town, solidifying its reputation as a center of Jewish learning.

*'''7) Period of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak ([[the Rayatz]])'''

Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Rebbe of Chabad, continued to lead the movement from Lubavitch until World War I forced the relocation of the headquarters. His writings and memoirs provide detailed accounts of life in the town and its significance to Chabad.

*'''8) During [[the Holocaust]].'''

During the Holocaust, the Jewish community in Lubavitch was devastated. Nazi forces occupied the town, and many Jews were murdered or deported. The vibrant community that had once defined Lubavitch was almost entirely destroyed.

*'''9) Post-War Period After [[World War II]].'''

Post-War Period After World War II, Lubavitch was left desolate, with few signs of its once-thriving Jewish community. The local population consisted primarily of non-Jewish residents, and much of the historical Jewish heritage was neglected or destroyed.

Over the years, efforts were made to restore the memory of Lubavitch's significance. In the late 20th century, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement began initiatives to commemorate and preserve the town's legacy as the birthplace of their Hasidic dynasty.

the town of Lubavitch is as well the burial site of the third and fourth rebbe of Chabad - the Tzemach tzedek and the rebbe maharash.

== Modern-Day Lubavitch Today ==
Lubavitch is a small village with a modest population. Although it no longer serves as a Jewish hub, its historical significance remains a focal point for Chabad followers and Jewish historians worldwide.

For Chabad followers, Lubavitch represents not just a physical place but a source of inspiration—a reminder of the transformative power of faith, wisdom, and perseverance. As the movement continues to grow and thrive worldwide, the memory of Lubavitch remains a central pillar of its identity, ensuring that its profound impact will never be forgotten.

[[Category:Villages]]
[[Category: Chabad communities that have become extinct]]
[[he:ליובאוויטש]]

Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah

2025-02-11T13:15:25Z

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Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah was the Wife of the Rebbe Rashab. Known for her great wisdom, understanding, and good character. She worked extensively for the benefit of Beis Rebbi, the chassidim, and was particularly involved in supporting Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim.

== Early Life ==
Born in Lubavitch on 15 Teves 5619 to her father Reb Yosef Yitzchak (son of the Tzemach Tzedek) and her mother Rebbetzin Chana - daughter of R' Yaakov Yisroel of Cherkass, son-in-law of the Mitteler Rebbe.

She was the fifth Rebbetzin in the chain of Chabad leaders.

== Marriage ==
During one of Rebbetzin Shterna Sarah's visits with her father to her grandfather the Tzemach Tzedek, the Rebbe Rashab, then four years old, was present. The Tzemach Tzedek remarked about them: "A chosson and kallah."

That year on 10 Sivan 5625, the tenaim were written. The chosson's father committed to 1,000 rubles and 5 years of support. The kallah's father committed to 1,500 rubles and 5 years of support. The Tzemach Tzedek committed to 500 rubles in 10 payments.

The wedding took place on Motzei Shabbos Parshas Teitzei, 11 Elul 5635 in Avrutch.

== Later Life ==
In her first two years of marriage, she would transcribe chassidic discourses her husband heard from his father.

She established a worldwide women's organization (Damen-Ferein) to support Lubavitch cheder students and worked extensively for Tomchei Tmimim students.

When her son the Frierdiker Rebbe was arrested, she stood by the aron kodesh, bent over with half her body inside, crying bitterly in prayer to Hashem.

She arrived in America with her son on 9 Adar 5700.

== The Rav of Liadi's Scroll ==
In her youth, she wrote about the arrest and redemption of the Alter Rebbe titled "The Rav of Liadi's Scroll." It was lost but found in 5700 by her step-nephew R' Shimshon Dov Yerushalimski who gave it to the Frierdiker Rebbe.

== Passing ==
She passed away on Shabbos Shirah, 13 Shevat 5702, during Nishmas. She was the first to be buried in the Chabad section of Montefiore Cemetery in Queens, New York.

In 5703, the Frierdiker Rebbe established the Beis Sarah girls' school network in her memory.

== Family ==
* Father: Reb Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson (son of the Tzemach Tzedek)
* Mother: Rebbetzin Chana, daughter of R' Yaakov Yisroel of Cherkass
* Husband: [[The Rebbe Rashab]]
* Son: The Frierdiker Rebbe
* Brother: R' Shneur Zalman Mordechai
* Sister: Rebbetzin Sheina Brocha Dulitzki

The Rashab

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Igros Kodesh of the Rebbe Rashab

2025-02-11T13:12:35Z

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These volumes contain the letters written by [[the Rebbe Rashab]] (Rabbi Shalom DovBer Schneersohn), with added annotations, edited by Rabbi Shalom Ber Levin and published by Kehot Publication Society.

== Beginning of the Work ==
After Shavuot 1981, Rabbi Levin received instructions from the Rebbe to begin collecting the letters of the Rebbe Rashab. He began gathering letters from the Chabad Library, from collectors, and other sources. Throughout that summer, there was correspondence between him and the Rebbe regarding how to edit the book.

= Volumes 1-2 =
During winter 1982, Rabbi Levin (together with Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Eidelman) edited these volumes and published them in spring, including indexes.

== Volumes 3-5 ==
After the conclusion of the Seforim case in winter 1986, Rabbi Levin discovered many additional letters from the Rebbe Rashab in the archive that had not yet been published. On 7th Adar II, he asked the Rebbe whether to publish additional volumes and received an affirmative response. These volumes were printed between Menachem Av 1986 and Tevet 1987. Volume 5 also included the Rebbe Rashab's halachic rulings and responsa.

== Volume 6 (Supplements) ==
Published in 2012, edited by Rabbi Shalom DovBer Levin.

In 2022, Volume 6 was republished by Otzar HaChassidim with the text "Yechi" printed on the cover.

The tzemach tzedek

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The Maharash

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The Rebbe Maharash

2025-02-11T13:00:56Z

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The Tzemach Tzedek

2025-02-11T13:00:19Z

להתראות: /* His Family and Talmidim: */

The Tzemach Tzedek

2025-02-11T12:59:14Z

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'''The Tzemach Tzedek''' is the third Nasi in the dynasty of Chabad Rebbes. Born on Sunday, [[29th of Elul]] [[5549]] in the city of [[Liozna]], to ][[Rabbi Shalom Shachna Altschuler|Rabbi Shalom Shachna]] and [[Devorah Leah Altschuler]]. He passed away on [[13th of Nissan]] [[5626]] and his resting place is in [[Lubavitch]].

He is called 'Tzemach Tzedek' after his sefer Tzemach Tzedek.

== Birth and Childhood ==
On Sunday, 29th of Elul 5549 in the city of [[Liozna]], Rabbi Menachem Mendel was born to his father R' [[Rabbi Shalom Shachna Altshuler|Shalom Shachna]] and Rebbetzin [[Rebbetzin Devorah Leah Altshuler|Devorah Leah]] Altschuler. His parents named him "Menachem Mendel" after Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk. In 5553 on 3rd of Tishrei, when he was three years old, his mother passed away and as per her final request, Menachem Mendel was adopted by his grandfather, the [[The Alter Rebbe|Alter Rebbe]] who cherished him greatly. Menachem Mendel would sleep in the Alter Rebbe's room, near the Aron Kodesh and was constantly at his side. Until his wedding, the Alter Rebbe would cover him with his tallis during Birchas Kohanim on Yom Tov, and until age nine would cover him during shofar blowing on Rosh Hashanah. On 11th of Tishrei 5553, the Alter Rebbe brought him to begin learning in cheder.

When he was eight years old, the Alter Rebbe suggested to his son, [[the Mitteler Rebbe]], to take him as a chosson for his daughter Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka, but the Mitteler Rebbe hesitated and showed his father through the window how he was playing with all the children in childish ways. The Alter Rebbe approached the window and motioned with his finger for his grandson to enter the room. When Menachem Mendel entered, he gave him a Gemara and instructed him to memorize a daf with [[Rashi]] and Tosafos within half an hour, to return to the room and repeat everything he had learned. The Mitteler Rebbe, who waited in the room, noticed after about fifteen minutes that the child was again playing outside with his friends, turned to his father and said 'He doesn't even listen to your voice!' The Alter Rebbe called the child and rebuked him but Menachem Mendel claimed that he had already learned and began to repeat the daf by heart.

Already in 5561 (at age 11) he began writing chiddushim in nigleh and Chassidus, what he heard from his grandfather and additionally his own explanations. There is a maamar "D'H Eidus" (printed in Sefer Derech Emunah) written in 5562; after many years the Tzemach Tzedek added its conclusion, and that is how it was printed.

Until age 13 his main learning was in nigleh and after bar mitzvah age the Alter Rebbe established special times to learn with him [[Kabbalah]] and Chassidus.

== Marriage ==
On 5th of Kislev 5564, when the Tzemach Tzedek was fourteen years old, he married in Liadi his cousin, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson, daughter of the Mitteler Rebbe.

In 5567, about three years after their marriage, the Alter Rebbe requested from Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka to bring him her husband's Chassidus writings. She complied with his request and among the writings she brought him was the maamar "Shoresh Mitzvos HaTefillah". When the Alter Rebbe saw his chiddushim, he called his brother Yehuda Leib and the chassid Reb Pinchas Reizes and asked them to answer "Amen" to the blessing of "Shehecheyanu". The matter became known to the chassidim who began to honor the Tzemach Tzedek.

When the Tzemach Tzedek learned that his Rebbetzin had transferred the manuscripts against his will, he told her he would divorce her. The Rebbetzin defended herself, saying she was obligated to honor her grandfather - the Alter Rebbe, which takes precedence even over honoring one's father. The Tzemach Tzedek responded that he needed to study the halacha, and since he had reservations about her actions, he couldn't live with her until he completed his study. For several days, the Rebbetzin cried continuously. After two months when the Tzemach Tzedek hadn't changed his mind, she told her father, the Mitteler Rebbe, who discussed the matter with his son-in-law. When he saw that his opinion was firm, he went to the Alter Rebbe and presented the situation.

On Shabbos Parshas Mikeitz, after the Alter Rebbe delivered a maamar (Chassidic discourse) in his room, he waited for everyone to leave and turned to the Tzemach Tzedek. He said he heard that he was studying a halachic matter, but since he was personally involved, it would be difficult for him to reach the truth objectively. He expressed his desire to study together, saying that two G-dly souls would be able to reveal the true halacha. After their joint study, the Tzemach Tzedek reversed his position and regretted considering divorcing his wife. The Alter Rebbe promised to learn with him twice a week nigleh (revealed aspects of Torah), and three times a week he would repeat maamarim he had previously delivered and explanations of Torah teachings he had received from his Rebbes. Afterward, the Alter Rebbe blessed the couple with the verse "You shall plant your plantings... on the day of your planting you will see growth, and in the morning your seed will blossom." He requested that no trace of anger toward the Rebbetzin remain and that he should make her happy, and sighed adding: "The harvest flees on a day of disease and mortal pain."

After his marriage, the Tzemach Tzedek was supported by his father-in-law, the Mitteler Rebbe, and served as Rosh Yeshiva under him, choosing not to make his living from Torah but rather from his own work. He invested the three hundred rubles he received as dowry in establishing a wax seal manufacturing business (used for sealing mail) as a source of income. He took the chassid Reb Nechemiah of Dubrovna as a partner. Throughout their work, they would discuss divrei Torah. After about a month, one night they became deeply engrossed in a particularly complex sugya (Talmudic topic) and the vat containing the raw adhesive material caught fire, and they barely managed to escape from the factory that went up in flames. Afterward, the Tzemach Tzedek decided to work in carpentry, but the Rebbe's court preferred that he not engage in manual labor and appointed him as a melamed (teacher).

== Accepting the Nesius (Leadership): ==
After the histalkus (passing) of the Mitteler Rebbe on 9 Kislev 5588 (1827), an assembly of elder Chabad chassidim convened and decided to appoint the Mitteler Rebbe's son-in-law, Rabbi Menachem Mendel, to assume his father-in-law's position in leading Chabad Chassidus. This decision was based on the Mitteler Rebbe's own words when he had expressed his desire to make aliyah to Eretz Yisroel. The chassidim had asked him, "How can our Rebbe leave us like sheep without a shepherd?" To which the Mitteler Rebbe replied, "Don't you have my son-in-law, the Rov HaGaon Rabbi Menachem Mendel? He will be your faithful shepherd."

The decision from this assembly was publicized throughout all Chabad chassidic centers in Russia. A delegation of distinguished elder chassidim, including Reb Hillel Paritcher, Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Vitebsk, Reb Yitzchak Moshe of Yass, Reb Peretz Chen of Chernigov, and others, presented themselves to the Tzemach Tzedek with the assembly's decision. However, the Tzemach Tzedek refused to accept the crown of nesius. Additional delegations of chassidim came and went, but Rabbi Menachem Mendel refused them all, claiming that the nesius rightfully belonged to his uncle Reb Chaim Avraham Schneuri, the Alter Rebbe's son and the Mitteler Rebbe's brother.

In the month of Nissan, the chassidim decided that before Shavuos, all the elder chassidim would come to Lubavitch to devise a plan. About two weeks before Shavuos, several elder chassidim arrived in Lubavitch, including Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel, Reb Hillel Paritcher, and Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Vitebsk. They held another assembly and sent delegations to the Tzemach Tzedek, but these too were unsuccessful. He continued to demur, suggesting instead that they should choose either Reb Chaim Avraham (the Alter Rebbe's son), or Reb Menachem Nachum (the Mitteler Rebbe's son), or Reb Aharon of Kremenchug (one of the Alter Rebbe's grandsons).

On Tuesday, 3 Sivan 5588, three of the greatest chassidim - Reb Peretz Chen, Reb Hillel Paritcher, and Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel - came to the Tzemach Tzedek's room and pleaded with him to accept the nesius. Finally, he agreed, but with the condition that they not trouble him with requests for advice in material matters. Reb Hillel Paritcher responded saying, "Chassidim want to hear Chassidus." Shortly after, word spread that the Tzemach Tzedek would come to the shul to say Chassidus.

Indeed, the Tzemach Tzedek entered the beis medrash, which was filled with chassidim, wearing the white garments he had inherited from his grandfather, the Alter Rebbe, and began delivering a maamar (Chassidic discourse) beginning with "Al shlosha devarim ha'olam omed" (The world stands on three things).

As he began saying the maamar, Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel recalled that in his youth, he had once heard the Alter Rebbe delivering this same maamar, while the young grandson - now the Tzemach Tzedek - had been playing in the room, disturbing the chassidim's ability to hear. Reb Yitzchak Aizik had been concerned about the disruption when suddenly the Alter Rebbe stopped saying the maamar and said, "Let him be, let him be, he wants to hear. He is listening, you will yet see that he is listening!"

Now remembering this scene, a thought crossed his mind: "Indeed this is a supernal power, and the Tzemach Tzedek is revealing his hidden kochos (powers) which Hashem has granted him." While he was still thinking this, the Tzemach Tzedek suddenly stopped delivering the maamar, turned to Reb Yitzchak Aizik and said, "Would you suspect me of something I don't possess? What can I do - my grandfather, the Alter Rebbe, commanded me to say this particular maamar." He then immediately continued delivering the maamar. Thus, his ruach hakodesh (divine inspiration) was revealed publicly. At the conclusion of the maamar, all the chassidim burst into song and accompanied him home with dancing and great simcha.

== His Torah: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek was known for the many halachic responsa he would give to all who approached him. These she'eilos u'teshuvos were published in the seforim Shu"t Tzemach Tzedek.

The maamarei Chassidus and additional Igros Kodesh were published over the years in many editions.

== Chazzara (Review): ==
The Tzemach Tzedek would deliver maamarei Chassidus on Shabbos, Yomim Tovim, and other special occasions. After the team of chozrim (those who would memorize and transcribe the maamarim) had thoroughly reviewed the maamar, the manichim would enter the Rebbe's room and repeat the maamar before him. He would correct their mistakes and explain what needed clarification.

The Chozrim included:

* Rav Nachum of Strashelye
* Rav Menachem Nachum Yitzchak Aizik Chanin
* Rav DovBer Ashkenazi (Kalisker)
* Rav Isser Ber Gilerson

== His Activities: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek established a large yeshiva in Lubavitch, and in the early years of his nesius, he regularly gave shiurim to the special yungeleit in the yeshiva. His son, Rav Yisroel Noach, was the rosh magidei shiurim, and his son-in-law, Rav Levi Yitzchak Zalmanoff, was among the yeshiva's examiners.

During the period of "Gezeiras HaCantonistim" (when Jewish children were kidnapped to serve in the army for twenty-five years), the Tzemach Tzedek would secretly send messages to all communities where the kidnappers were present, ensuring they would be placed in cherem (excommunication). He would strengthen the Cantonist children to maintain their Torah and mitzvos, and worked to redeem the kidnapped children. These activities were literally life-threatening, as they were considered rebellion against the monarchy.

In 5597 (1837), he published his sefer Torah Ohr. In 5598 (1838), at the request of Chabad chassidim, he visited Mohilev, Minsk, and Vilna, returning through the Vitebsk region. During this journey, he also met with gedolei hamisnagdim who began discussing halachic matters with him. This journey helped quiet the machlokes between chassidim and misnagdim.

In 5599 (1839), he purchased a large estate including farmland and forest, establishing there a settlement for Yidden who worked the land, also providing them with work implements. In 5603 (1843), the government appointed a committee of four representatives from the Jewish population to discuss laws pertaining to Yidden, particularly regarding chinuch, and the Tzemach Tzedek was chosen as one of them. During these gatherings, which lasted several months, he stood firm on preserving authentic Yiddishkeit and chinuch al taharas hakodesh. During these meetings, he was arrested twenty-two times due to his fierce protests. Ultimately, his demands were met.

In 5605 (1845), he published the sefer Likkutei Torah containing the Alter Rebbe's maamarim with his own explanations and notations.

The Tzemach Tzedek also founded the town of Shtzedrin in 5604 (1844), settling there about three hundred families, all Chabad chassidim. Because of this, he received recognition from the Russian government and was granted the title 'Honored Citizen for Generations.'

The Tzemach Tzedek was known as a mattir agunos (one who found halachic solutions for agunos), and many agunos were sent to Lubavitch so he could find ways to free them from their status.

== His Famous Teaching: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek coined the phrase "Tracht gut vet zain gut" - think good and it will be good - a saying that was frequently quoted by the Rebbe and became a fundamental principle in Chabad Chassidus.

== His Histalkus: ==
In the month of Kislev 5620 (1860), the Tzemach Tzedek became very ill and remained so for more than six years. On Erev Shabbos Parshas Vayigash 5621, after his wife Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka's histalkus, he said to his son, the Maharash, that the holy words of the Alter Rebbe had been fulfilled - 54 years had passed since he had sighed and said to him "nad katzir b'yom nachala" (the harvest flees on a day of sickness). After the Rebbetzin's passing, the Tzemach Tzedek stopped receiving people for yechidus.

Around Tishrei 5626 (1865), he began experiencing difficulties with speech. In the winter of 5626, he sent a shliach to Mezhibuzh to place a pidyon nefesh at the kever (gravesite) of the Baal Shem Tov, but the shliach didn't fulfill his shlichus. This resulted in the Tzemach Tzedek losing 13 years from his life, since the Alter Rebbe had blessed him with arichus yamim (long life), and arichus yamim by the Alter Rebbe's standard meant at least 90 years, while the Tzemach Tzedek lived 77 years.

At the beginning of Nissan 5626, he became very weak. When they called the doctor of Lubavitch, he said he couldn't see anything wrong. The next day, the situation worsened, and the chassidim were very frightened, saying Tehillim all day and adding the name "Meir" to his name. Towards evening of 12 Nissan 5626, they said the situation had improved, but shortly after they saw there was no hope. The shamash, Reb Chaim Ber, put his ear to the Tzemach Tzedek's mouth and heard him saying "L'maan yirbu yemeichem" (That your days may be multiplied).

At eleven o'clock at night, they saw nothing could be done. His bed stood in the middle of the room with everyone standing around holding lit candles. The Tzemach Tzedek lay motionless, looking at the people. On the night of Thursday, 13 Nissan at twelve-thirty at night, he was nistalek (passed away) and his menuchas kavod (honored resting place) is in the Ohel of the Tzemach Tzedek and Maharash in Lubavitch.

After his histalkus, the Maharash said: "Know that my father has not died, and whoever wants to request something can make a request. I too have made a request."

After his histalkus, Chabad Chassidus split, with three of his sons establishing different courts in the spirit of Chabad. His successor in Lubavitch was his youngest son, the Rebbe Maharash.

== His Portrait: ==
There was a non-Jewish artist who knew the Tzemach Tzedek and very much wanted to paint him, but the Tzemach Tzedek wouldn't agree. The artist cleverly came on Shabbos to the Tzemach Tzedek's house, studied him carefully to remember his likeness, ran home, and hurried to paint him. For this reason, the Tzemach Tzedek appears in the painting wearing his white Shabbos clothes, which he had inherited from the Alter Rebbe. Later, when the Tzemach Tzedek saw the picture, he was distressed that it was painted on Shabbos - but 'consoled' himself with the fact that the artist had made two mistakes: First, he painted the Tzemach Tzedek with the left side of his garment placed over the right, while Jewish custom is the opposite. Second, he painted the sefer that the Tzemach Tzedek was holding as a secular book, read from left to right. The Rebbe once noted an additional mistake - that in the painting, the Tzemach Tzedek places his glasses on the sefer's cover - something that would never be done as it shows disrespect for the sefer.

In 5647 (1887), the portrait was restored and the mistakes were corrected, and since then it has been circulated in its corrected version.

A copy of the painting was discovered in 5751 (1991) by the librarian Berel Levine among the descendants of the Maharil of Kopust in Moscow and was published publicly.

In 5781 (2021), R' Yechiel Ofner discovered in the estate of Mrs. Hinda Gurevitch, granddaughter of Rebbetzin Beila Wells (daughter of the Mitteler Rebbe and niece of two of the Tzemach Tzedek's sons), another copy of the original portrait, apparently the earliest known version.

== His Family and Talmidim: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek had many sons and two daughters:

His Sons:

# Rabbi Baruch Shalom
# The Rebbe Maharil of Kopust
# The Rebbe Rashaz of Lyadi
# The Rebbe Maharin of Nezhin
# The Rebbe Rayatz of Avrutch
# The Holy Rav Yaakov of Orsha
# The Rebbe Maharash

His Daughters:

# Rebbetzin Rada Freida Schneerson, wife of Rav Schneor Schneerson
# Rebbetzin Devorah Leah Zalmanson, wife of Rav Levi Yitzchak Zalmanson

=== Distinguished Chassidim: ===
Among the distinguished chassidim of the Tzemach Tzedek were:

* Rabbi Hillel Paritcher
* Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fradkin of Lublin, author of "Toras Chesed"
* Rabbi Avraham Dovid Lavut, author of "Shaar HaKollel"
* Rabbi Peretz Chen

== His Works: ==

# Tzemach Tzedek - Halachic responsa, rulings, and Talmudic novellae. The sefer's name hints at the author's name (in Yiddish spelling) - "Menachem Mendel" in gematria equals "Tzemach Tzedek"
# Derech Mitzvosecha - Explanations of mitzvos according to Chassidus
# Biurei HaZohar - Commentary on passages from the Zohar
# Sefer HaChakirah - Derech Emunah - A philosophical-research work in the style of the Rambam's "Moreh Nevuchim"
# Ohr HaTorah - 42 volumes of Chassidic explanations on Torah, holidays, and Tanach
# Sefer HaLikkutim - A series of dozens of volumes collecting his Torah teachings alphabetically
# Igros Kodesh - 90 of his letters, annotated edition with introduction
# Yahel Ohr - On Tehillim

== His Niggunim: ==

# [[Niggun "Yemin Hashem Romeima"]]
# [[Niggun "Ashrei Ish"]]
# [[Niggun Deveikus attributed to the Tzemach Tzedek]]
# [[Niggun Deveikus]]
# [[Niggun "Hodi'eini Hashem Kitzi"]]
# [[Niggun "K'Ayal Ta'arog"]]
# [[Niggun "Keli Atah"]]

[[Category:Chabad Rebbes]]
[[Category:The Tzemach Tzedek]]

The Tzemach Tzedek

2025-02-11T12:57:10Z

להתראות:

The Tzemach Tzedek is the third Nasi in the dynasty of Chabad Rebbes. Born on Sunday, 29th of Elul 5549 in the city of Liozna, to Rabbi Shalom Shachna and Devorah Leah Altschuler. He passed away on 13th of Nissan 5626 and his resting place is in Lubavitch.

He is called 'Tzemach Tzedek' after his sefer Tzemach Tzedek.

== Birth and Childhood ==
On Sunday, 29th of Elul 5549 in the city of [[Liozna]], Rabbi Menachem Mendel was born to his father R' [[Rabbi Shalom Shachna Altshuler|Shalom Shachna]] and Rebbetzin [[Rebbetzin Devorah Leah Altshuler|Devorah Leah]] Altschuler. His parents named him "Menachem Mendel" after Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk. In 5553 on 3rd of Tishrei, when he was three years old, his mother passed away and as per her final request, Menachem Mendel was adopted by his grandfather, the [[The Alter Rebbe|Alter Rebbe]] who cherished him greatly. Menachem Mendel would sleep in the Alter Rebbe's room, near the Aron Kodesh and was constantly at his side. Until his wedding, the Alter Rebbe would cover him with his tallis during Birchas Kohanim on Yom Tov, and until age nine would cover him during shofar blowing on Rosh Hashanah. On 11th of Tishrei 5553, the Alter Rebbe brought him to begin learning in cheder.

When he was eight years old, the Alter Rebbe suggested to his son, [[the Mitteler Rebbe]], to take him as a chosson for his daughter Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka, but the Mitteler Rebbe hesitated and showed his father through the window how he was playing with all the children in childish ways. The Alter Rebbe approached the window and motioned with his finger for his grandson to enter the room. When Menachem Mendel entered, he gave him a Gemara and instructed him to memorize a daf with [[Rashi]] and Tosafos within half an hour, to return to the room and repeat everything he had learned. The Mitteler Rebbe, who waited in the room, noticed after about fifteen minutes that the child was again playing outside with his friends, turned to his father and said 'He doesn't even listen to your voice!' The Alter Rebbe called the child and rebuked him but Menachem Mendel claimed that he had already learned and began to repeat the daf by heart.

Already in 5561 (at age 11) he began writing chiddushim in nigleh and Chassidus, what he heard from his grandfather and additionally his own explanations. There is a maamar "D'H Eidus" (printed in Sefer Derech Emunah) written in 5562; after many years the Tzemach Tzedek added its conclusion, and that is how it was printed.

Until age 13 his main learning was in nigleh and after bar mitzvah age the Alter Rebbe established special times to learn with him [[Kabbalah]] and Chassidus.

== Marriage ==
On 5th of Kislev 5564, when the Tzemach Tzedek was fourteen years old, he married in Liadi his cousin, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson, daughter of the Mitteler Rebbe.

In 5567, about three years after their marriage, the Alter Rebbe requested from Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka to bring him her husband's Chassidus writings. She complied with his request and among the writings she brought him was the maamar "Shoresh Mitzvos HaTefillah". When the Alter Rebbe saw his chiddushim, he called his brother Yehuda Leib and the chassid Reb Pinchas Reizes and asked them to answer "Amen" to the blessing of "Shehecheyanu". The matter became known to the chassidim who began to honor the Tzemach Tzedek.

When the Tzemach Tzedek learned that his Rebbetzin had transferred the manuscripts against his will, he told her he would divorce her. The Rebbetzin defended herself, saying she was obligated to honor her grandfather - the Alter Rebbe, which takes precedence even over honoring one's father. The Tzemach Tzedek responded that he needed to study the halacha, and since he had reservations about her actions, he couldn't live with her until he completed his study. For several days, the Rebbetzin cried continuously. After two months when the Tzemach Tzedek hadn't changed his mind, she told her father, the Mitteler Rebbe, who discussed the matter with his son-in-law. When he saw that his opinion was firm, he went to the Alter Rebbe and presented the situation.

On Shabbos Parshas Mikeitz, after the Alter Rebbe delivered a maamar (Chassidic discourse) in his room, he waited for everyone to leave and turned to the Tzemach Tzedek. He said he heard that he was studying a halachic matter, but since he was personally involved, it would be difficult for him to reach the truth objectively. He expressed his desire to study together, saying that two G-dly souls would be able to reveal the true halacha. After their joint study, the Tzemach Tzedek reversed his position and regretted considering divorcing his wife. The Alter Rebbe promised to learn with him twice a week nigleh (revealed aspects of Torah), and three times a week he would repeat maamarim he had previously delivered and explanations of Torah teachings he had received from his Rebbes. Afterward, the Alter Rebbe blessed the couple with the verse "You shall plant your plantings... on the day of your planting you will see growth, and in the morning your seed will blossom." He requested that no trace of anger toward the Rebbetzin remain and that he should make her happy, and sighed adding: "The harvest flees on a day of disease and mortal pain."

After his marriage, the Tzemach Tzedek was supported by his father-in-law, the Mitteler Rebbe, and served as Rosh Yeshiva under him, choosing not to make his living from Torah but rather from his own work. He invested the three hundred rubles he received as dowry in establishing a wax seal manufacturing business (used for sealing mail) as a source of income. He took the chassid Reb Nechemiah of Dubrovna as a partner. Throughout their work, they would discuss divrei Torah. After about a month, one night they became deeply engrossed in a particularly complex sugya (Talmudic topic) and the vat containing the raw adhesive material caught fire, and they barely managed to escape from the factory that went up in flames. Afterward, the Tzemach Tzedek decided to work in carpentry, but the Rebbe's court preferred that he not engage in manual labor and appointed him as a melamed (teacher).

== Accepting the Nesius (Leadership): ==
After the histalkus (passing) of the Mitteler Rebbe on 9 Kislev 5588 (1827), an assembly of elder Chabad chassidim convened and decided to appoint the Mitteler Rebbe's son-in-law, Rabbi Menachem Mendel, to assume his father-in-law's position in leading Chabad Chassidus. This decision was based on the Mitteler Rebbe's own words when he had expressed his desire to make aliyah to Eretz Yisroel. The chassidim had asked him, "How can our Rebbe leave us like sheep without a shepherd?" To which the Mitteler Rebbe replied, "Don't you have my son-in-law, the Rov HaGaon Rabbi Menachem Mendel? He will be your faithful shepherd."

The decision from this assembly was publicized throughout all Chabad chassidic centers in Russia. A delegation of distinguished elder chassidim, including Reb Hillel Paritcher, Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Vitebsk, Reb Yitzchak Moshe of Yass, Reb Peretz Chen of Chernigov, and others, presented themselves to the Tzemach Tzedek with the assembly's decision. However, the Tzemach Tzedek refused to accept the crown of nesius. Additional delegations of chassidim came and went, but Rabbi Menachem Mendel refused them all, claiming that the nesius rightfully belonged to his uncle Reb Chaim Avraham Schneuri, the Alter Rebbe's son and the Mitteler Rebbe's brother.

In the month of Nissan, the chassidim decided that before Shavuos, all the elder chassidim would come to Lubavitch to devise a plan. About two weeks before Shavuos, several elder chassidim arrived in Lubavitch, including Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel, Reb Hillel Paritcher, and Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Vitebsk. They held another assembly and sent delegations to the Tzemach Tzedek, but these too were unsuccessful. He continued to demur, suggesting instead that they should choose either Reb Chaim Avraham (the Alter Rebbe's son), or Reb Menachem Nachum (the Mitteler Rebbe's son), or Reb Aharon of Kremenchug (one of the Alter Rebbe's grandsons).

On Tuesday, 3 Sivan 5588, three of the greatest chassidim - Reb Peretz Chen, Reb Hillel Paritcher, and Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel - came to the Tzemach Tzedek's room and pleaded with him to accept the nesius. Finally, he agreed, but with the condition that they not trouble him with requests for advice in material matters. Reb Hillel Paritcher responded saying, "Chassidim want to hear Chassidus." Shortly after, word spread that the Tzemach Tzedek would come to the shul to say Chassidus.

Indeed, the Tzemach Tzedek entered the beis medrash, which was filled with chassidim, wearing the white garments he had inherited from his grandfather, the Alter Rebbe, and began delivering a maamar (Chassidic discourse) beginning with "Al shlosha devarim ha'olam omed" (The world stands on three things).

As he began saying the maamar, Reb Yitzchak Aizik of Homel recalled that in his youth, he had once heard the Alter Rebbe delivering this same maamar, while the young grandson - now the Tzemach Tzedek - had been playing in the room, disturbing the chassidim's ability to hear. Reb Yitzchak Aizik had been concerned about the disruption when suddenly the Alter Rebbe stopped saying the maamar and said, "Let him be, let him be, he wants to hear. He is listening, you will yet see that he is listening!"

Now remembering this scene, a thought crossed his mind: "Indeed this is a supernal power, and the Tzemach Tzedek is revealing his hidden kochos (powers) which Hashem has granted him." While he was still thinking this, the Tzemach Tzedek suddenly stopped delivering the maamar, turned to Reb Yitzchak Aizik and said, "Would you suspect me of something I don't possess? What can I do - my grandfather, the Alter Rebbe, commanded me to say this particular maamar." He then immediately continued delivering the maamar. Thus, his ruach hakodesh (divine inspiration) was revealed publicly. At the conclusion of the maamar, all the chassidim burst into song and accompanied him home with dancing and great simcha.

== His Torah: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek was known for the many halachic responsa he would give to all who approached him. These she'eilos u'teshuvos were published in the seforim Shu"t Tzemach Tzedek.

The maamarei Chassidus and additional Igros Kodesh were published over the years in many editions.

== Chazzara (Review): ==
The Tzemach Tzedek would deliver maamarei Chassidus on Shabbos, Yomim Tovim, and other special occasions. After the team of chozrim (those who would memorize and transcribe the maamarim) had thoroughly reviewed the maamar, the manichim would enter the Rebbe's room and repeat the maamar before him. He would correct their mistakes and explain what needed clarification.

The Chozrim included:

* Rav Nachum of Strashelye
* Rav Menachem Nachum Yitzchak Aizik Chanin
* Rav DovBer Ashkenazi (Kalisker)
* Rav Isser Ber Gilerson

== His Activities: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek established a large yeshiva in Lubavitch, and in the early years of his nesius, he regularly gave shiurim to the special yungeleit in the yeshiva. His son, Rav Yisroel Noach, was the rosh magidei shiurim, and his son-in-law, Rav Levi Yitzchak Zalmanoff, was among the yeshiva's examiners.

During the period of "Gezeiras HaCantonistim" (when Jewish children were kidnapped to serve in the army for twenty-five years), the Tzemach Tzedek would secretly send messages to all communities where the kidnappers were present, ensuring they would be placed in cherem (excommunication). He would strengthen the Cantonist children to maintain their Torah and mitzvos, and worked to redeem the kidnapped children. These activities were literally life-threatening, as they were considered rebellion against the monarchy.

In 5597 (1837), he published his sefer Torah Ohr. In 5598 (1838), at the request of Chabad chassidim, he visited Mohilev, Minsk, and Vilna, returning through the Vitebsk region. During this journey, he also met with gedolei hamisnagdim who began discussing halachic matters with him. This journey helped quiet the machlokes between chassidim and misnagdim.

In 5599 (1839), he purchased a large estate including farmland and forest, establishing there a settlement for Yidden who worked the land, also providing them with work implements. In 5603 (1843), the government appointed a committee of four representatives from the Jewish population to discuss laws pertaining to Yidden, particularly regarding chinuch, and the Tzemach Tzedek was chosen as one of them. During these gatherings, which lasted several months, he stood firm on preserving authentic Yiddishkeit and chinuch al taharas hakodesh. During these meetings, he was arrested twenty-two times due to his fierce protests. Ultimately, his demands were met.

In 5605 (1845), he published the sefer Likkutei Torah containing the Alter Rebbe's maamarim with his own explanations and notations.

The Tzemach Tzedek also founded the town of Shtzedrin in 5604 (1844), settling there about three hundred families, all Chabad chassidim. Because of this, he received recognition from the Russian government and was granted the title 'Honored Citizen for Generations.'

The Tzemach Tzedek was known as a mattir agunos (one who found halachic solutions for agunos), and many agunos were sent to Lubavitch so he could find ways to free them from their status.

== His Famous Teaching: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek coined the phrase "Tracht gut vet zain gut" - think good and it will be good - a saying that was frequently quoted by the Rebbe and became a fundamental principle in Chabad Chassidus.

== His Histalkus: ==
In the month of Kislev 5620 (1860), the Tzemach Tzedek became very ill and remained so for more than six years. On Erev Shabbos Parshas Vayigash 5621, after his wife Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka's histalkus, he said to his son, the Maharash, that the holy words of the Alter Rebbe had been fulfilled - 54 years had passed since he had sighed and said to him "nad katzir b'yom nachala" (the harvest flees on a day of sickness). After the Rebbetzin's passing, the Tzemach Tzedek stopped receiving people for yechidus.

Around Tishrei 5626 (1865), he began experiencing difficulties with speech. In the winter of 5626, he sent a shliach to Mezhibuzh to place a pidyon nefesh at the kever (gravesite) of the Baal Shem Tov, but the shliach didn't fulfill his shlichus. This resulted in the Tzemach Tzedek losing 13 years from his life, since the Alter Rebbe had blessed him with arichus yamim (long life), and arichus yamim by the Alter Rebbe's standard meant at least 90 years, while the Tzemach Tzedek lived 77 years.

At the beginning of Nissan 5626, he became very weak. When they called the doctor of Lubavitch, he said he couldn't see anything wrong. The next day, the situation worsened, and the chassidim were very frightened, saying Tehillim all day and adding the name "Meir" to his name. Towards evening of 12 Nissan 5626, they said the situation had improved, but shortly after they saw there was no hope. The shamash, Reb Chaim Ber, put his ear to the Tzemach Tzedek's mouth and heard him saying "L'maan yirbu yemeichem" (That your days may be multiplied).

At eleven o'clock at night, they saw nothing could be done. His bed stood in the middle of the room with everyone standing around holding lit candles. The Tzemach Tzedek lay motionless, looking at the people. On the night of Thursday, 13 Nissan at twelve-thirty at night, he was nistalek (passed away) and his menuchas kavod (honored resting place) is in the Ohel of the Tzemach Tzedek and Maharash in Lubavitch.

After his histalkus, the Maharash said: "Know that my father has not died, and whoever wants to request something can make a request. I too have made a request."

After his histalkus, Chabad Chassidus split, with three of his sons establishing different courts in the spirit of Chabad. His successor in Lubavitch was his youngest son, the Rebbe Maharash.

== His Portrait: ==
There was a non-Jewish artist who knew the Tzemach Tzedek and very much wanted to paint him, but the Tzemach Tzedek wouldn't agree. The artist cleverly came on Shabbos to the Tzemach Tzedek's house, studied him carefully to remember his likeness, ran home, and hurried to paint him. For this reason, the Tzemach Tzedek appears in the painting wearing his white Shabbos clothes, which he had inherited from the Alter Rebbe. Later, when the Tzemach Tzedek saw the picture, he was distressed that it was painted on Shabbos - but 'consoled' himself with the fact that the artist had made two mistakes: First, he painted the Tzemach Tzedek with the left side of his garment placed over the right, while Jewish custom is the opposite. Second, he painted the sefer that the Tzemach Tzedek was holding as a secular book, read from left to right. The Rebbe once noted an additional mistake - that in the painting, the Tzemach Tzedek places his glasses on the sefer's cover - something that would never be done as it shows disrespect for the sefer.

In 5647 (1887), the portrait was restored and the mistakes were corrected, and since then it has been circulated in its corrected version.

A copy of the painting was discovered in 5751 (1991) by the librarian Berel Levine among the descendants of the Maharil of Kopust in Moscow and was published publicly.

In 5781 (2021), R' Yechiel Ofner discovered in the estate of Mrs. Hinda Gurevitch, granddaughter of Rebbetzin Beila Wells (daughter of the Mitteler Rebbe and niece of two of the Tzemach Tzedek's sons), another copy of the original portrait, apparently the earliest known version.

== His Family and Talmidim: ==
The Tzemach Tzedek had many sons and two daughters:

His Sons:

# Rabbi Baruch Shalom
# The Rebbe Maharil of Kopust
# The Rebbe Rashaz of Lyadi
# The Rebbe Maharin of Nezhin
# The Rebbe Rayatz of Avrutch
# The Holy Rav Yaakov of Orsha
# The Rebbe Maharash

His Daughters:

# Rebbetzin Rada Freida Schneerson, wife of Rav Schneor Schneerson
# Rebbetzin Devorah Leah Zalmanson, wife of Rav Levi Yitzchak Zalmanson

=== Distinguished Chassidim: ===
Among the distinguished chassidim of the Tzemach Tzedek were:

* Rabbi Hillel Paritcher
* Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fradkin of Lublin, author of "Toras Chesed"
* Rabbi Avraham Dovid Lavut, author of "Shaar HaKollel"
* Rabbi Peretz Chen

== His Works: ==

# Tzemach Tzedek - Halachic responsa, rulings, and Talmudic novellae. The sefer's name hints at the author's name (in Yiddish spelling) - "Menachem Mendel" in gematria equals "Tzemach Tzedek"
# Derech Mitzvosecha - Explanations of mitzvos according to Chassidus
# Biurei HaZohar - Commentary on passages from the Zohar
# Sefer HaChakirah - Derech Emunah - A philosophical-research work in the style of the Rambam's "Moreh Nevuchim"
# Ohr HaTorah - 42 volumes of Chassidic explanations on Torah, holidays, and Tanach
# Sefer HaLikkutim - A series of dozens of volumes collecting his Torah teachings alphabetically
# Igros Kodesh - 90 of his letters, annotated edition with introduction
# Yahel Ohr - On Tehillim

== His Niggunim: ==

# [[Niggun "Yemin Hashem Romeima"]]
# [[Niggun "Ashrei Ish"]]
# [[Niggun Deveikus attributed to the Tzemach Tzedek]]
# [[Niggun Deveikus]]
# [[Niggun "Hodi'eini Hashem Kitzi"]]
# [[Niggun "K'Ayal Ta'arog"]]
# [[Niggun "Keli Atah"]]

[[Category:Chabad Rebbes]]
[[Category:The Tzemach Tzedek]]

Lubavitch

2025-02-11T12:54:56Z

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